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| Karduniaš 𒆳𒁺𒉌𒀸 | |
|---|---|
| 1595 BCE–1155 BCE | |
 Karduniaš (purple) around 1400 BCE | |
| Capital | Bābilim |
| Official languages | Akkadian |
| Common languages | Kassite |
| Dominant mode of production | Slavery |
| Government | Monarchy |
| History | |
• Established | 1595 BCE |
• Dissolution | 1155 BCE |
Karduniaš was a Babylonian kingdom established by the Kassites after they conquered the Amorite-led First Dynasty of Babylon.[1]
History[edit | edit source]
Third (Kassite) Dynasty[edit | edit source]
Babylon began to decline at the end of the 13th century BCE as it suffered Assyrian and Elamite invasions. In the mid-12th century BCE, the Assyrian king Aššurdān I annexed several Babylonian cities but was not powerful enough to conquer all of Babylonia. Shutruknahunte, the king of Elam, plundered the Babylonian cities of Ešnunna, Sippar, and Upî. His son Kudurnahunte continued to loot Babylonia.[1]
Fourth Dynasty[edit | edit source]
King Enlilnādinaḫe led a rebellion against the Elamites in the 1150s BCE. The Elamites defeated him and conquered all of Babylonia. Mardukkabitaḫḫēšu, the ruler of Isin, declared himself king and led another rebellion against the Elamites. Nabûkudurrīuṣur I restored the strength of Babylonia and defeated the Elamites at the fortress of Der. He destroyed Elam so thoroughly that it was not mentioned in writing for another 300 years.[1]
Around 1100 BCE, King Marduknādinaḫḫē faced an Assyrian invasion led by Tukultīapilešarra I, who captured and burned the Babylonian royal palace. In the 11th century BCE, Aramaean invasions weakened Babylonia and led it to ally with Assyria.[1]
Fifth Dynasty[edit | edit source]
Simbaršipak, who ruled in the far south of Babylonia (Sealand), seized power in the 1020s BCE and ruled for 17 years. He was killed before he could unite Babylonia, and his successors ruled for another three years before the country split into different regional dynasties.[1]
Economy[edit | edit source]
Under the Kassites, horses and mules were widely used for the first time. A single device was used for plowing and sowing fields.[1]
Religion[edit | edit source]
The Babylonians worshipped Marduk as their supreme god. They believed that humans could not understand the will of the gods. Humans had to obey the gods, but the gods often punished even righteous people.[1]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Grigory Bongard-Levin, Boris Piotrovsky (1988). Ancient Civilisations of East and West. https://archive.org/details/ancientciveastwest/mode/1up.