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{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Iraq|native_name=جمهورية العراق<br>کۆماری عێراق|image_flag=Flag of Iraq.png|population_estimate=40,222,503|population_estimate_year=2020|area_km2=438,317|image_coat=Coat of arms of Iraq.png|capital=[[Baghdad]]|official_languages=Arabic<br>Kurdish|recognized_regional_languages=Aramaic<br>Armenian<br>Turkish|coa_size=76|image_map=Iraq map.png|map_width=290|largest_city=[[Baghdad]]}} | {{Infobox country|name=Republic of Iraq|native_name=جمهورية العراق<br>کۆماری عێراق|image_flag=Flag of Iraq.png|population_estimate=40,222,503|population_estimate_year=2020|area_km2=438,317|image_coat=Coat of arms of Iraq.png|capital=[[Baghdad]]|official_languages=Arabic<br>Kurdish|recognized_regional_languages=Aramaic<br>Armenian<br>Turkish|coa_size=76|image_map=Iraq map.png|map_width=290|largest_city=[[Baghdad]]}} | ||
'''Iraq''', officially the '''Republic of Iraq''', is a country in [[Western Asia]]. | '''Iraq''', officially the '''Republic of Iraq''', is a country in [[Western Asia]]. Since 1991, it has suffered [[Gulf War|two]] [[Iraq War|invasions]] from the [[United States of America|United States]]. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
=== Republic === | === Republic === | ||
In 1953, the [[United States of America|United States]] took control of Iraq and established the [[Baghdad Pact]] with [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979)|Iran]], [[Republic of Turkey|Turkey]], Iraq, and the UK. On 14 July 1958, Brigadier [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] led a military rebellion that overthrew the last king of Iraq. Qasim then became the first president of Iraq | In 1953, the [[United States of America|United States]] took control of Iraq and established the [[Baghdad Pact]] with [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979)|Iran]], [[Republic of Turkey|Turkey]], Iraq, and the UK. On 14 July 1958, Brigadier [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] led a military rebellion that overthrew the last king of Iraq.<ref name=":1" /> Qasim then became the first president of Iraq and tried to stay neutral in the [[Cold War]].<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=[[William Blum]]|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, 1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=114–115}}</ref> After the revolution, the [[Iraqi Communist Party]] formed an alliance with the national [[bourgeoisie]].<ref name=":1" /> | ||
In 1963, a US-backed military group overthrew the | Soon after the revolution, the U.S. and Turkey planned an invasion of Iraq.<ref name=":12" /> U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] cancelled the invasion because of the presence of the [[United Arab Republic (1958–1971)|United Arab Republic]] and the movement of [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] troops into southern republics near Iraq.<ref name=":1" /> In 1960, the USA began funding Kurdish guerrillas and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] tried to kill Qasim. In 1962, Qasim helped create [[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries|OPEC]] and nationalized the oil industry.<ref name=":12" /> | ||
In 1963, a US and UK-backed military group overthrew and murdered Qasim. Even though Qasim had not supported the Communist Party, the coup also killed thousands of communists.<ref name=":12" /> In 1972, Iraq signed a defense treaty with the Soviet Union.<ref name=":1" /> [[Saddam Hussein]] arrested the leadership of the pro-Ba'ath faction of the ICP in 1978.<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Bali|page=158–160|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> After Saddam became president in 1979, the United States armed Iraq for its war against [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]].<ref name=":1" /> | |||
=== First US invasion === | === First US invasion === | ||
The United | The United States encouraged Iraq to invade [[State of Kuwait|Kuwait]] in 1990. In 1991, Statesian ruler [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush]] invaded Iraq and bombed it for 40 days without stopping and then [[Economic sanctions|sanctioned]] it.<ref name=":2" /> The invasion killed 200,000 people.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sameena Rahman|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Colin Powell (1937-2021): U.S. imperialism’s top salesman for slaughter|date=2021-10-19|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/colin-powell-1937-2021-u-s-imperialisms-top-salesman-for-slaughter/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206140325/https://www.liberationnews.org/colin-powell-1937-2021-u-s-imperialisms-top-salesman-for-slaughter/|archive-date=2022-12-06}}</ref> The USA and UK continued to bomb Iraq for several years, including more than 1,000 times in 1999.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, | ||
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=134–135}}</ref> | 1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=134–135}}</ref> [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|Western]] sanctions killed 500,000 children within four years.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2023-04-12|title=Ramsey Clark, human rights fighter – 1927-2021|url=https://www.workers.org/2021/04/55760/|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131173503/https://www.workers.org/2021/04/55760/|archive-date=2023-01-31|retrieved=2023-04-23|author=Sara Flounders}}</ref> | ||
=== Second US invasion === | === Second US invasion === | ||
{{Main article|Iraq War}} | |||
==== War crimes ==== | ==== War crimes ==== | ||
Latest revision as of 01:50, 5 October 2023
| Republic of Iraq جمهورية العراق کۆماری عێراق | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Baghdad |
| Official languages | Arabic Kurdish |
| Recognized regional languages | Aramaic Armenian Turkish |
| Area | |
• Total | 438,317 km² |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate | 40,222,503 |
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia. Since 1991, it has suffered two invasions from the United States.
History[edit | edit source]
Ottoman Empire[edit | edit source]
In 1514, Iraq was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. After the First World War, the Ottoman Empire was split up and Iraq was administered by the British Empire.[1]
British mandate[edit | edit source]
It took four years for the British to colonize Iraq. After a nationalist revolt in 1920, the British installed Faisal as King of Iraq instead of directly ruling from London.[1] In 1925, the British dropped poison gas from planes to combat a revolt in the northern Kurdish region of Iraq.[2] In 1932, Britain under a Labour government gave independence to Iraq and Nuri al-Sa'id became prime minister.[1] After independence, Iraq continued to be occupied by British military bases. Between 1935 and 1954, Iraq was put under martial law 11 times.[2]
Monarchy[edit | edit source]
Faisal died of a heart attack in 1933 and his son, Ghazi, took the throne. A military coup occurred in Iraq in 1936. In 1941, after pro-British politicians were removed from power, the UK invaded and occupied Iraq. Five political parties were founded in 1945, including the pan-Arab Istiqlal (Independence) Party. Iraq supported Palestine in the First Arab–Israeli War in 1948.[1]
Republic[edit | edit source]
In 1953, the United States took control of Iraq and established the Baghdad Pact with Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, and the UK. On 14 July 1958, Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim led a military rebellion that overthrew the last king of Iraq.[2] Qasim then became the first president of Iraq and tried to stay neutral in the Cold War.[3] After the revolution, the Iraqi Communist Party formed an alliance with the national bourgeoisie.[2]
Soon after the revolution, the U.S. and Turkey planned an invasion of Iraq.[3] U.S. President Eisenhower cancelled the invasion because of the presence of the United Arab Republic and the movement of Soviet troops into southern republics near Iraq.[2] In 1960, the USA began funding Kurdish guerrillas and the CIA tried to kill Qasim. In 1962, Qasim helped create OPEC and nationalized the oil industry.[3]
In 1963, a US and UK-backed military group overthrew and murdered Qasim. Even though Qasim had not supported the Communist Party, the coup also killed thousands of communists.[3] In 1972, Iraq signed a defense treaty with the Soviet Union.[2] Saddam Hussein arrested the leadership of the pro-Ba'ath faction of the ICP in 1978.[4] After Saddam became president in 1979, the United States armed Iraq for its war against Iran.[2]
First US invasion[edit | edit source]
The United States encouraged Iraq to invade Kuwait in 1990. In 1991, Statesian ruler George Bush invaded Iraq and bombed it for 40 days without stopping and then sanctioned it.[5] The invasion killed 200,000 people.[6] The USA and UK continued to bomb Iraq for several years, including more than 1,000 times in 1999.[5] Western sanctions killed 500,000 children within four years.[7]
Second US invasion[edit | edit source]
See main article: Iraq War
War crimes[edit | edit source]
In 2007, US mercenaries working for Blackwater killed 17 civilians in the Nisour Square massacre.[8]
In 2010, documents leaked by Chelsea Manning showed that the majority of Iraqis killed by US forces were civilians.[9]
In 2016, Barack Obama dropped a total of 12,095 bombs on Iraq.[10]
In March 2017, a US air strike killed 112 civilians in Mosul.[11]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Phebe Marr (2012). The Modern History of Iraq (pp. 6–72). Westview Press. ISBN 9780813345215
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Richard Becker (2011-07-14). "Our view on modern Iraq" Liberation School. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 William Blum (2002). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower: 'A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, 1945 to the Present' (pp. 114–115). [PDF] Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 9781842772201 [LG]
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Bali' (pp. 158–160). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 William Blum (2002). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower: 'A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, 1945 to the Present' (pp. 134–135). [PDF] Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 9781842772201 [LG]
- ↑ Sameena Rahman (2021-10-19). "Colin Powell (1937-2021): U.S. imperialism’s top salesman for slaughter" Liberation News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06.
- ↑ Sara Flounders (2023-04-12). "Ramsey Clark, human rights fighter – 1927-2021" Workers World. Archived from the original on 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
- ↑ Sabrina Tavernise (2007-09-18). "U.S. Contractor Banned by Iraq Over Shootings" The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2020-10-18. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
- ↑ "Baghdad War Diary" (2010-10-22). Wikileaks. Archived from the original on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
- ↑ Ghast Lee (2017-01-23). "Shocking Map Shows Where Barack Obama Dropped His 26,000 Bombs" Sick Chirpse. Archived from the original on 2017-07-15.
- ↑ Ghazi Balkiz, et al. (2017-03-28). "Mosul: 112 civilian bodies pulled from site of coalition airstrike" CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-10-13. Retrieved 2022-02-02.