Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992): Difference between revisions
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'''Yugoslavia''', officially the '''Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''', was a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]]<ref>{{Citation|author=André Munro|title=Non-Aligned Movement|title-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Non-Aligned-Movement|quote=The Non-Aligned Movement was founded and held its first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in 1961 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[socialist state]] in the [[Balkans]]. | '''Yugoslavia''', officially the '''Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''', was a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]]<ref>{{Citation|author=André Munro|title=Non-Aligned Movement|title-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Non-Aligned-Movement|quote=The Non-Aligned Movement was founded and held its first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in 1961 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[socialist state]] in the [[Balkans]]. | ||
== History == | |||
=== Second World War === | |||
In April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by [[Fascism|fascist]] armies from [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Germany]], [[Italian fascism|Italy]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)|Romania]], and [[Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)|Bulgaria]]. The country was split into German and Italian zones of control. A partisan resistance movement began in the summer of 1941 and grew to an army of 800,000 by 1944, when the partisans and the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] liberated Belgrade.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=Richard Becker|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=Yugoslavia: Nationalist competition opened door to imperialist intervention|date=2005-10-01|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/yugoslavia-nationalist-competition-opened-door-to-imperialist-intervention/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123173046/https://www.liberationschool.org/yugoslavia-nationalist-competition-opened-door-to-imperialist-intervention/|archive-date=2022-01-23|retrieved=2022-06-21}}</ref> | |||
=== Postwar period === | |||
After the war, the [[Council of National Liberation]] was established as the new organ of state power. In 1946, it created the People's Federative Republic of Yugoslavia with six republics and two autonomous regions, both in [[Socialist Republic of Serbia (1944–1992)|Serbia]]. The General Secretary of the ruling [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] was [[Josip Broz Tito]]. Other party leaders included Serbian [[Alexander Ranković]], [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro (1945–1992)|Montenegrin]] [[Milovan Djilas]], and [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia (1945–1991)|Slovenian]] [[Edvard Kardelj]]. In June 1948, the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc]] broke relations with Yugoslavia, disrupting its five-year plan.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
Between 1952 and 1979, Yugoslavia's economy grew by almost 400%.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Latinka Perović, et al.|year=2017|title=Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113132255/http://www.yuhistorija.com/doc/yugoslavia%20from%20a%20historical%20perspective.pdf|city=Belgrade|publisher=Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia}}</ref> The economy began to stagnate after | Between 1952 and 1979, Yugoslavia's economy grew by almost 400%.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Latinka Perović, et al.|year=2017|title=Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113132255/http://www.yuhistorija.com/doc/yugoslavia%20from%20a%20historical%20perspective.pdf|city=Belgrade|publisher=Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia}}</ref> The economy began to stagnate after Tito's death in 1980. | ||
== Living standards == | == Living standards == | ||
Revision as of 21:57, 21 June 2022
| Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија Socialistična Federativna Republika Jugoslavija | |
|---|---|
| 1945–1992 | |
 Flag
 Emblem
| |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Belgrade |
| Recognised national languages | Macedonian Serbo-Croatian Slovene |
| Dominant mode of production | Socialism |
| Government | One-party parliamentary republic |
| History | |
• Established | 1945 |
• Dissolution | 1992 |
| Area | |
• Total | 255,804 km² |
| Population | |
• 2021 estimate | 23,229,846 |
Yugoslavia, officially the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, was a non-aligned[1] socialist state in the Balkans.
History
Second World War
In April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by fascist armies from Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. The country was split into German and Italian zones of control. A partisan resistance movement began in the summer of 1941 and grew to an army of 800,000 by 1944, when the partisans and the Soviet Red Army liberated Belgrade.[2]
Postwar period
After the war, the Council of National Liberation was established as the new organ of state power. In 1946, it created the People's Federative Republic of Yugoslavia with six republics and two autonomous regions, both in Serbia. The General Secretary of the ruling League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Josip Broz Tito. Other party leaders included Serbian Alexander Ranković, Montenegrin Milovan Djilas, and Slovenian Edvard Kardelj. In June 1948, the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc broke relations with Yugoslavia, disrupting its five-year plan.[2]
Economy
Between 1952 and 1979, Yugoslavia's economy grew by almost 400%.[3] The economy began to stagnate after Tito's death in 1980.
Living standards
Healthcare
From 1939 to 1978, the number of hospital beds per 10,000 people increased from 19 to 60 and the number of physicians increased by 400%, while infant mortality decreased by 75%. Diphtheria, malaria, and typhus were also eliminated. 82% of the population was covered by health insurance.[4] From 1948 to 1981, the life expectancy increased from 53 years for women and 48.6 years for men to 73.2 and 67.7 years, respectively. By 1966, Yugoslavia's mortality rate decreased to 8.1 deaths per thousand people, which was lower than France or the UK at the time.[3]
Housing
Every year from the early 1960's to the 1980's, over 100,000 apartments were built and given to workers. By the late 1970's, all three-member worker households had electricity and almost all had plumbing.[3]
Literacy
From 1948 to 1981, illiteracy for ages ten and up decreased from 25.4% to 9.5%. In 1921, more than half of the adult population had been illiterate.[3]
References
- ↑ “The Non-Aligned Movement was founded and held its first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in 1961 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia”
André Munro. Non-Aligned Movement. Encyclopedia Britannica. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Richard Becker (2005-10-01). "Yugoslavia: Nationalist competition opened door to imperialist intervention" Liberation School. Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Latinka Perović, et al. (2017). Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective. [PDF] Belgrade: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia.
- ↑ Muhamed Saric, Victor R. Godwin. The Once and Future Health System in the Former Yugoslavia: Myths and Realities. New York University.