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Republic of Ecuador: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Ecuador|native_name=República del Ecuador<br>Ikwadur Ripuwlika<br>Ekuatur Nunka|capital=Quito|largest_city=Quito|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|image_map=Ecuador map.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Spanish|recognized_regional_languages=Kichwa<br>Shuar|area_km2=256,370|population_estimate=17,715,822|population_estimate_year=2021}}
{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Ecuador|native_name=República del Ecuador<br>Ikwadur Ripuwlika<br>Ekuatur Nunka|image_flag=Flag of Ecuador.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Ecuador.svg|capital=Quito|largest_city=Quito|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Daniel Noboa]]|leader_title2=Vice President|leader_name2=[[Verónica Abad Rojas]]|image_map=Ecuador map.png|map_width=290|official_languages=Spanish|recognized_regional_languages=Kichwa<br>Shuar|demonym=Ecuadorian|area_km2=256,370|population_estimate=17,483,326|population_estimate_year=2023}}


The '''Republic of Ecuador''' is a country in [[Latin America]]. It has a population of about 17,300,000 people, the majority of mixed [[Europe|European]] and Indigenous peoples. Besides Spanish, Kichwa and Shuar are officially recognized indigenous languages by the Ecuadorian state.
The '''Republic of Ecuador''' is a country in [[Latin America]] located in the northern part of [[South America]] with a western coastline on the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It is bordered to the north by [[Republic of Colombia|Colombia]] and to the south by [[Republic of Peru|Peru]]. It has a population of about 17,300,000 people, the majority of mixed [[Europe|European]] and Indigenous peoples. Besides Spanish, Kichwa and Shuar are officially recognized indigenous languages by the Ecuadorian state.


== History ==
== History ==
=== Liberal revolution ===
General [[Eloy Alfaro]] led a [[Bourgeois revolution|liberal revolution]] in 1895 against the [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Landlord|landowning]] state and reduced the political influence of the [[Catholic Church]]. After a lynch mob killed Alfaro in 1912, the [[bourgeoisie]] formed an alliance with coastal elites against the [[Proletariat|workers]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|date=2022-03-30|title=Nela Martínez Espinosa (1912–2004) Women of Struggle, Women in Struggle|url=https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-3-nela-martinez/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126201027/https://thetricontinental.org/studies-feminisms-3-nela-martinez/|archive-date=2022-11-26|retrieved=2023-02-10}}</ref>
=== Anti-fascist movement ===
[[German Reich (1933–1945)|German]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]], and [[Spanish State (1939–1975)|Spanish]] [[Fascism|fascists]] widely infiltrated Ecuador during the 1930s. In 1940, [[Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río]] became President and attempted to reserve [[Progressivism|progressive]] policies of [[nationalization]] and labor rights. Peru invaded southern Ecuador in 1941 and seized almost half of Ecuador's territory. The people rose up to overthrow Arroyo in May 1944, but [[José María Velasco Ibarra]] betrayed the revolt and made himself dictator.<ref name=":0" />


=== CIA infiltration ===
=== CIA infiltration ===
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In November 1961, the military ousted Velasco and put Vice President Carlos Julio Arosemana in power. The CIA released a notice claiming that a moderate vice presidential candidate was supported by the Communist Party. This notice resulted in Congress choosing a CIA agent as the new vice president. President Arosemana refused to break relations with Cuba until the military forced him to in March 1962.
In November 1961, the military ousted Velasco and put Vice President Carlos Julio Arosemana in power. The CIA released a notice claiming that a moderate vice presidential candidate was supported by the Communist Party. This notice resulted in Congress choosing a CIA agent as the new vice president. President Arosemana refused to break relations with Cuba until the military forced him to in March 1962.


Due to the excessive control of the military and CIA, an uprising began, which was defeated by [[United States of America|US]]-trained paratroopers. On 11 July 1963, tanks surrounded the presidential palace and replaced Arosemana with a military junta. The first act of the junta was to outlaw [[communism]].<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2004|title=Killing Hope|title-url=https://williamblum.org/books/killing-hope|chapter=Ecuador, 1960 to 1963: A Textbook of Dirty Tricks|chapter-url=https://williamblum.org/chapters/killing-hope/ecuador|publisher=Common Courage Press|isbn=9781567512526}}</ref>
Due to the excessive control of the military and CIA, an uprising began, which was defeated by [[United States of America|US]]-trained paratroopers. On 11 July 1963, tanks surrounded the presidential palace and replaced Arosemana with a military junta. The first act of the junta was to outlaw [[communism]].<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2004|title=Killing Hope|title-url=https://williamblum.org/books/killing-hope|chapter=Ecuador, 1960 to 1963: A Textbook of Dirty Tricks|chapter-url=https://williamblum.org/chapters/killing-hope/ecuador|publisher=Common Courage Press|isbn=9781567512526}}</ref> It also ended the [[Feudalism|feudal]] tenure system but did not significantly improve the conditions of the indigenous [[Peasantry|peasants]]. The junta suppressed [[Trade union|unions]] and universities and fell in 1968 before another coup in 1970.<ref name=":122222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=La Paz|page=142–3|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 13:16, 12 September 2024

Republic of Ecuador
República del Ecuador
Ikwadur Ripuwlika
Ekuatur Nunka
Flag of Republic of Ecuador
Flag
Coat of arms of Republic of Ecuador
Coat of arms
Location of Republic of Ecuador
Capital
and largest city
Quito
Official languagesSpanish
Recognized regional languagesKichwa
Shuar
Demonym(s)Ecuadorian
Dominant mode of productionCapitalism
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President
Daniel Noboa
• Vice President
Verónica Abad Rojas
Area
• Total
256,370 km²
Population
• 2023 estimate
17,483,326


The Republic of Ecuador is a country in Latin America located in the northern part of South America with a western coastline on the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered to the north by Colombia and to the south by Peru. It has a population of about 17,300,000 people, the majority of mixed European and Indigenous peoples. Besides Spanish, Kichwa and Shuar are officially recognized indigenous languages by the Ecuadorian state.

History[edit | edit source]

Liberal revolution[edit | edit source]

General Eloy Alfaro led a liberal revolution in 1895 against the conservative landowning state and reduced the political influence of the Catholic Church. After a lynch mob killed Alfaro in 1912, the bourgeoisie formed an alliance with coastal elites against the workers.[1]

Anti-fascist movement[edit | edit source]

German, Italian, and Spanish fascists widely infiltrated Ecuador during the 1930s. In 1940, Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río became President and attempted to reserve progressive policies of nationalization and labor rights. Peru invaded southern Ecuador in 1941 and seized almost half of Ecuador's territory. The people rose up to overthrow Arroyo in May 1944, but José María Velasco Ibarra betrayed the revolt and made himself dictator.[1]

CIA infiltration[edit | edit source]

During populist José Velasco's campaign, CIA agent Bob Weatherwax directed the police to shoot at Velasco's supporters, killing five and wounding many more.

Velasco came to power in September 1960 after winning a decisive election victory. He was not a socialist but refused to break diplomatic relations with Cuba or persecute the Communist Party of Ecuador. The CIA then infiltrated Ecuador and spread anti-communist propaganda. The CIA bombed churches and right-wing organizations and blamed it on leftists and joined left-wing organizations as agent provocateurs.

In November 1961, the military ousted Velasco and put Vice President Carlos Julio Arosemana in power. The CIA released a notice claiming that a moderate vice presidential candidate was supported by the Communist Party. This notice resulted in Congress choosing a CIA agent as the new vice president. President Arosemana refused to break relations with Cuba until the military forced him to in March 1962.

Due to the excessive control of the military and CIA, an uprising began, which was defeated by US-trained paratroopers. On 11 July 1963, tanks surrounded the presidential palace and replaced Arosemana with a military junta. The first act of the junta was to outlaw communism.[2] It also ended the feudal tenure system but did not significantly improve the conditions of the indigenous peasants. The junta suppressed unions and universities and fell in 1968 before another coup in 1970.[3]

References[edit | edit source]