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{{Infobox country|name=Bosnia and Herzegovina|native_name=Bosna i Hercegovina<br>Босна и Херцеговина|image_flag=Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|capital=Sarajevo|largest_city=Sarajevo|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|image_map=Bosnia_map.svg|map_width= | {{Infobox country|name=Bosnia and Herzegovina|native_name=Bosna i Hercegovina<br>Босна и Херцеговина|image_flag=Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|capital=Sarajevo|largest_city=Sarajevo|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|leader_title1=High Representative|leader_name1=[[Christian Schmidt]]|leader_title2=Chairman of the Presidency|leader_name2=[[Denis Bećirović]]|leader_title3=Members of the Presidency|leader_name3=[[Željka Cvijanović]]<br>[[Željko Komšić]]|image_map=Bosnia_map.svg|map_width=300|official_languages=Serbo-Croatian|area_km2=51,209|population_estimate=3,434,000|population_estimate_year=2022}} | ||
'''Bosnia and Herzegovina''', sometimes shortened to '''Bosnia''', is a country in the [[Balkans]]. It is a de facto [[Neocolonialism|colony]] of the [[United States of America|United States]] and the [[European Union]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Lalkar]]|title=Bosnia: Republika Srpska stands firm in resisting the push into Nato|date=2022-01-08|url=https://thecommunists.org/2022/01/08/news/bosnia-republika-srpska-stands-firm-resisting-push-into-nato-serbia-yugoslavia-balkans/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525190011/https://thecommunists.org/2022/01/08/news/bosnia-republika-srpska-stands-firm-resisting-push-into-nato-serbia-yugoslavia-balkans/|archive-date=2022-05-25|retrieved=2022-12-18}}</ref> The country is split between the [[Islam|Muslim]]-[[Republic of Croatia|Croat]] [[Federation of Bosnia]] and the [[Republika Srpska|Serb Republic]].<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=Bosnia: New Colonies|page=50–52|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | '''Bosnia and Herzegovina''', sometimes shortened to '''Bosnia''', is a country in the [[Balkans]] bordered by [[Republic of Serbia|Serbia]], [[Republic of Croatia|Croatia]] and [[Montenegro]] with a short coast on the [[Adriatic Sea]]. It is a de facto [[Neocolonialism|colony]] of the [[United States of America|United States]] and the [[European Union]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Lalkar]]|title=Bosnia: Republika Srpska stands firm in resisting the push into Nato|date=2022-01-08|url=https://thecommunists.org/2022/01/08/news/bosnia-republika-srpska-stands-firm-resisting-push-into-nato-serbia-yugoslavia-balkans/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525190011/https://thecommunists.org/2022/01/08/news/bosnia-republika-srpska-stands-firm-resisting-push-into-nato-serbia-yugoslavia-balkans/|archive-date=2022-05-25|retrieved=2022-12-18}}</ref> The country is split between the [[Islam|Muslim]]-[[Republic of Croatia|Croat]] [[Federation of Bosnia]] and the [[Republika Srpska|Serb Republic]].<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=Bosnia: New Colonies|page=50–52|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Austrian Rule === | |||
At the [[Congress of Berlin]] in 1878 [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1867–1918)|Austria-Hungary]] was authorized to occupy Bosnia and Hercegovina from the [[Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)|Ottoman Empire]], converting the region into an Austrian colony. The Dual Monarchy annexed the territory in October 1908 causing a crisis and prompting an increase in revolutionary feeling among the populace. Bosnia-Hercegovina would remain under Austrian rule until the [[First World War]] and the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=V. G. Karasev, V. A. Pekshev|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bosnia-Hercegovina|chapter=Bosnia-Hercegovina|section=Historical survey}}</ref> | |||
=== Kingdom of Yugoslavia === | |||
After being freed from Austrian rule Bosnia became a part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]], later called Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but failures to solve social and national questions would later cause demonstrations. After the invasion of Yugoslavia in the [[Second World War]], Bosnia became a centre of rebellion in the [[national liberation]] struggle against the [[Fascism|fascist]] occupiers.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
=== SFR Yugoslavia === | |||
Following the liberation of Yugoslavia in 1945, Bosnia and Hercegovina joined the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] as a people's republic. Agrarian reforms were carried out in 1945, whilst large portions of industry and national infrastructure were nationalized between 1946 and 1948.<ref name=":2" /> Bosnia and Herzegovina would remain apart of SFR Yugoslavia until the [[Yugoslav Wars]] in the early 1990s that broke up the federation.<ref name=":03" /> | |||
=== Yugoslav Wars === | === Yugoslav Wars === | ||
In 1990, the Islamic fundamentalist [[Alija Izetbegović]] ran for president and placed second. He became president anyway after negotiating with [[Fikret Abdić]], a member of the same party. Izetbegović refused to step down for the next elections and organized a war of secession, leading Abdić to found the [[Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia]]. | In 1990, the Islamic fundamentalist [[Alija Izetbegović]] ran for president and placed second. He became president anyway after negotiating with [[Fikret Abdić]], a member of the same party. Izetbegović refused to step down for the next elections and organized a war of secession, leading Abdić to found the [[Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia]].<ref name=":03" /> | ||
Abdić fought against Izetbegović's government and made peace agreements with Bosnian Croats and | Abdić fought against Izetbegović's government and made peace agreements with Bosnian Croats and Serbs. Izetbegović killed hundreds when his forces drove Abdić's followers out of the Bihać region, but Abdić counterattacked and retook the territory before he had to flee from the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] bombing.<ref name=":03" /> | ||
The Dayton Accords in 1995, which ended the Bosnian Civil War, divided Bosnia into two autonomous entities and reserved many powers to the [[United Nations|UN]]-backed Office of the High Representative.<ref name=":1" /> In 1999, [[Carlos Westendorp]], a [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] diplomat serving as high representative of Bosnia, fired the elected president of [[Republika Srpska]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[William Blum]]|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=Perverting Elections|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=148}}</ref> | The Dayton Accords in 1995, which ended the Bosnian Civil War, divided Bosnia into two autonomous entities and reserved many powers to the [[United Nations|UN]]-backed Office of the High Representative.<ref name=":1" /> In 1999, [[Carlos Westendorp]], a [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] diplomat serving as high representative of Bosnia, fired the elected president of [[Republika Srpska]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[William Blum]]|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=Perverting Elections|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=148}}</ref> | ||
== Government == | == Government == | ||
Bosnia consists of two autonomous entities, the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Republika Srpska]].<ref name=":1" /> However, a non-Bosnian High Representative appointed by the | Bosnia consists of two autonomous entities, the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Republika Srpska]].<ref name=":1" /> However, a non-Bosnian High Representative appointed by the USA or EU rules over both regions and can overrule laws from either government.<ref name=":03" /> The Office of the High Representative has passed 140 laws with no democratic support. [[Milorad Dodik]], the president of Republika Srpska, has resisted attempts for Bosnia to join [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]].<ref name=":1" /> | ||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
Latest revision as of 21:42, 9 June 2024
| Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosna i Hercegovina Босна и Херцеговина | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Sarajevo |
| Official languages | Serbo-Croatian |
| Dominant mode of production | Capitalism |
| Leaders | |
• High Representative | Christian Schmidt |
• Chairman of the Presidency | Denis Bećirović |
• Members of the Presidency | Željka Cvijanović Željko Komšić |
| Area | |
• Total | 51,209 km² |
| Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 3,434,000 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes shortened to Bosnia, is a country in the Balkans bordered by Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro with a short coast on the Adriatic Sea. It is a de facto colony of the United States and the European Union.[1] The country is split between the Muslim-Croat Federation of Bosnia and the Serb Republic.[2]
History[edit | edit source]
Austrian Rule[edit | edit source]
At the Congress of Berlin in 1878 Austria-Hungary was authorized to occupy Bosnia and Hercegovina from the Ottoman Empire, converting the region into an Austrian colony. The Dual Monarchy annexed the territory in October 1908 causing a crisis and prompting an increase in revolutionary feeling among the populace. Bosnia-Hercegovina would remain under Austrian rule until the First World War and the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918.[3]
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[edit | edit source]
After being freed from Austrian rule Bosnia became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, later called Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but failures to solve social and national questions would later cause demonstrations. After the invasion of Yugoslavia in the Second World War, Bosnia became a centre of rebellion in the national liberation struggle against the fascist occupiers.[3]
SFR Yugoslavia[edit | edit source]
Following the liberation of Yugoslavia in 1945, Bosnia and Hercegovina joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a people's republic. Agrarian reforms were carried out in 1945, whilst large portions of industry and national infrastructure were nationalized between 1946 and 1948.[3] Bosnia and Herzegovina would remain apart of SFR Yugoslavia until the Yugoslav Wars in the early 1990s that broke up the federation.[2]
Yugoslav Wars[edit | edit source]
In 1990, the Islamic fundamentalist Alija Izetbegović ran for president and placed second. He became president anyway after negotiating with Fikret Abdić, a member of the same party. Izetbegović refused to step down for the next elections and organized a war of secession, leading Abdić to found the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia.[2]
Abdić fought against Izetbegović's government and made peace agreements with Bosnian Croats and Serbs. Izetbegović killed hundreds when his forces drove Abdić's followers out of the Bihać region, but Abdić counterattacked and retook the territory before he had to flee from the NATO bombing.[2]
The Dayton Accords in 1995, which ended the Bosnian Civil War, divided Bosnia into two autonomous entities and reserved many powers to the UN-backed Office of the High Representative.[1] In 1999, Carlos Westendorp, a Spanish diplomat serving as high representative of Bosnia, fired the elected president of Republika Srpska.[4]
Government[edit | edit source]
Bosnia consists of two autonomous entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.[1] However, a non-Bosnian High Representative appointed by the USA or EU rules over both regions and can overrule laws from either government.[2] The Office of the High Representative has passed 140 laws with no democratic support. Milorad Dodik, the president of Republika Srpska, has resisted attempts for Bosnia to join NATO.[1]
Economy[edit | edit source]
The IMF appointed the first governor of Bosnia's Central Bank and required them not to be a Bosnian citizen. The bank was not allowed to create money for the first six years of its existence.[2]
Demographics[edit | edit source]
In the early 1990s, the population of Bosnia was 41% Bosniak Muslim, 32% Serb, and 17% Croat. 326,000 Bosnians identified as Yugoslavian rather than with a specific ethnicity.[5]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Bosnia: Republika Srpska stands firm in resisting the push into Nato" (2022-01-08). Lalkar. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'Bosnia: New Colonies' (pp. 50–52). [PDF] Verso.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 V. G. Karasev, V. A. Pekshev (1979). The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: 'Bosnia-Hercegovina; Historical survey'.
- ↑ William Blum (2002). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower: 'Perverting Elections' (p. 148). [PDF] Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 9781842772201 [LG]
- ↑ Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'Divide and Conquer' (p. 30). [PDF] Verso.