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:''For the past republics of France, see [[French Republic (disambiguation)]].'' | |||
{{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
|name=French Republic | |name=French Republic | ||
|native_name=République française | |native_name=République française | ||
|government_type= | |government_type=Unitary semi-presidential republic | ||
|established_event1=Fifth Republic | |established_event1=Fifth Republic | ||
|image_coat=French coat of arms.svg|capital=Paris | |image_coat=French coat of arms.svg|capital=Paris | ||
| Line 9: | Line 11: | ||
|leader_name1=[[Emmanuel Macron]] | |leader_name1=[[Emmanuel Macron]] | ||
|established_date1=1958 October 4th | |established_date1=1958 October 4th | ||
|leader_title2=Prime Minister | |area_km2=643,801|population_estimate=68,373,433|population_estimate_year=2024|leader_title2=Prime Minister | ||
|leader_name2= | |leader_name2=[[Michel Barnier]] | ||
|image_map=France map.svg|map_width= | |image_map=France map.svg|map_width=290|demonym=French|mode_of_production=[[Imperialist]] [[Capitalism]]|image_flag=File:Flag of France.svg}} | ||
The '''French Republic''', also known as '''France''', is a country in Western Europe. Once a [[Colonialism|colonial]] power, France occupied many territories around the world. The following is an incomplete list of modern day countries that France once colonized: [[Canada]] (Quebec), [[USA]], [[Republic of Haiti|Haiti]], [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|Algeria]], [[Kingdom of Morocco|Morocco]], [[Republic of Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Republic of Mali|Mali]], [[Islamic Republic of Mauritania|Mauritania]], [[Republic of Senegal|Senegal]], [[Republic of the Niger|Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Republic of Chad|Chad]], [[Togolese Republic|Togo]], [[Republic of Benin|Benin]], [[Republic of Cameroon|Cameroon]], [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]], [[Central African Republic|CAR]], [[Republic of Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Republic of Chad|Chad]], [[Republic of Madagascar|Madagascar]], [[Comoros]], [[Guinea]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Republic of Djibouti|Djibouti]], [[Republic of India|India]] (Pondicherry), [[Kingdom of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]], [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]], and [[People's Republic of China|China]]. France still indirectly controls many of its former colonies through [[neocolonialism]]. | The '''French Republic''', also known as '''France''', is a country in Western Europe. Once a [[Colonialism|colonial]] power, France occupied many territories around the world. The following is an incomplete list of modern day countries that France once colonized: [[Canada]] (Quebec), [[USA]], [[Republic of Haiti|Haiti]], [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|Algeria]], [[Kingdom of Morocco|Morocco]], [[Republic of Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Republic of Mali|Mali]], [[Islamic Republic of Mauritania|Mauritania]], [[Republic of Senegal|Senegal]], [[Republic of the Niger|Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Republic of Chad|Chad]], [[Togolese Republic|Togo]], [[Republic of Benin|Benin]], [[Republic of Cameroon|Cameroon]], [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]], [[Central African Republic|CAR]], [[Republic of Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Republic of Chad|Chad]], [[Republic of Madagascar|Madagascar]], [[Comoros]], [[Guinea]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Republic of Djibouti|Djibouti]], [[Republic of India|India]] (Pondicherry), [[Kingdom of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]], [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]], and [[People's Republic of China|China]]. France still indirectly controls many of its former colonies through [[neocolonialism]].<ref name=":1" /> | ||
France has the following communist parties: [[Pole of Communist Revival in France]], [[Communist Revolutionary Party of France]], [[French Communist Party]], and the [[Workers' Communist Party of France]]. | France has the following communist parties: [[Pole of Communist Revival in France]], [[Communist Revolutionary Party of France]], [[French Communist Party]], and the [[Workers' Communist Party of France]]. [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] Second Secretary [[Andrei Zhdanov]] described post-[[Second World War|World War 2]] France as a U.S. satellite state in 1947.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Paris|page=9–10|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Pre-revolutionary monarchy (987–1792) === | === Pre-revolutionary monarchy (987–1792) === | ||
{{Main article|Kingdom of France (987–1792)}} | |||
=== First republic and empire (1792–1815) === | === First republic and empire (1792–1815) === | ||
{{Main article|French Revolution}}In 1794, following the [[Haitian Revolution]], the [[Jacobins]] abolished [[slavery]]. [[Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801)|Britain]] allied with [[reactionary]] [[Monarchism|monarchist]] forces to fight the French Revolution.<ref name=":122">{{Citation|author=[[Domenico Losurdo]]|year=2011|title=Liberalism: A Counter-History|chapter=Crisis of the English and American Models|page=137|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844676934|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5BB3406BC2E64972831A1C00D5D4BFE4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhsj2yxuoudkhkjp6lzgr5jvgyhu76zxe4gw3d65gpg32a6nded4?filename=Domenico%20Losurdo%2C%20Gregory%20Elliott%20-%20Liberalism_%20A%20Counter-History-Verso%20%282011%29.pdf}}</ref> | |||
=== Kingdom of France (1815–1848) === | === Kingdom of France (1815–1848) === | ||
| Line 31: | Line 35: | ||
=== Third republic (1870–1940) === | === Third republic (1870–1940) === | ||
{{Main article|French Third Republic}} | |||
After Louis Bonaparte's defeat, the [[French Republic (1870–1940)|French Third Republic]] was founded and the [[bourgeoisie]] took power.<ref name=":0" /> | After Louis Bonaparte's defeat, the [[French Republic (1870–1940)|French Third Republic]] was founded and the [[bourgeoisie]] took power.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==== Paris Commune ==== | |||
The capital city of Paris was controlled by the [[Paris Commune]] from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the events of the [[Franco-Prussian War]], Paris had been defended by the National Guard. In March 1871, during the establishment of the Third Republic under French chief executive Adolphe Thiers, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city and then refused to accept the authority of the French government, instead attempting to establish an independent government. The Commune governed Paris for two months. The Commune was eventually suppressed by the national French Army during ''[[The Bloody Week|La semaine sanglante]]'' ("The Bloody Week") beginning on 21 May 1871. Between 6,000 and 20,000 Communards were killed in battle or executed. Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune had significant influence on the ideas of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], who described it as the first example of the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]]. | The capital city of Paris was controlled by the [[Paris Commune]] from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the events of the [[Franco-Prussian War]], Paris had been defended by the National Guard. In March 1871, during the establishment of the Third Republic under French chief executive Adolphe Thiers, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city and then refused to accept the authority of the French government, instead attempting to establish an independent government. The Commune governed Paris for two months. The Commune was eventually suppressed by the national French Army during ''[[The Bloody Week|La semaine sanglante]]'' ("The Bloody Week") beginning on 21 May 1871. Between 6,000 and 20,000 Communards were killed in battle or executed. Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune had significant influence on the ideas of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], who described it as the first example of the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]]. | ||
=== Vichy regime and Nazi occupation (1940–1944) === | === Vichy regime and Nazi occupation (1940–1944) === | ||
When [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] invaded France in 1940, many members of the French parliament, including self-proclaimed [[French Section of the Workers' International|socialists]], supported [[Philippe Pétain|Pétain]] and his Vichy regime which collaborated with the Nazis.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=The Great Purge|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=171}}</ref> Philippe Pétain signed an act of capitulation, and most of the French bourgeoisie sided with the Nazis.<ref name=":0223323">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=225}}</ref> | |||
=== Fourth and fifth republics (1945–present) === | === Fourth and fifth republics (1945–present) === | ||
After France | After the Allies liberated France from Nazi Germany, France sent troops to reconquer its colonies in [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Africa]], and the [[West Indies]]. Relying on US support, it fought against Vietnamese freedom fighters led by [[Ho Chi Minh]] until its defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Paris|page=3–4|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | ||
After the war, the French Communist Party formed strong [[Trade union|unions]] and ran for office in bourgeois elections. The [[United States of America|United States]] sent members of the [[American Federation of Labor|AFL]] to France to import [[Strike breaker|strike breakers]] from [[Italian Republic|Italy]] and paid Corsican gangs to break [[Strike action|strikes]] and murder party members. The USA forced France to dismiss Communist ministers in order to receive economic aid.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, | |||
1945 to the Present|page=109|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=9781842772201|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F}}</ref> | 1945 to the Present|page=109|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=9781842772201|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F}}</ref> | ||
== Neocolonialism == | == Neocolonialism == | ||
France controls the national reserves of 14 African countries, including several of its former colonies. These countries only have access to 15% of their money and have to borrow from France with interest if they need more. France does not let them borrow amounts of money greater than 20% of their national revenue in the previous year. These countries cannot make military alliances with any countries except France and must have French as their official language. France claims the right to deploy troops in its former colonial territory in Africa.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[The Burning Spear]]|title=France still robbing and stealing from its "former" African colonies|date=2015-08-12|url=http://www.theburningspear.com/2015/08/France-still-robbing-and-stealing-from-it-s-former-African-colonies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108183847/http://www.theburningspear.com/2015/08/France-still-robbing-and-stealing-from-it-s-former-African-colonies|archive-date=2020-11-08|retrieved=2022-08-13}}</ref> | France controls the national reserves of 14 African countries, including several of its former colonies. These countries only have access to 15% of their money and have to borrow from France with interest if they need more. France does not let them borrow amounts of money greater than 20% of their national revenue in the previous year. These countries cannot make military alliances with any countries except France and must have French as their official language. France claims the right to deploy troops in its former colonial territory in Africa.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[The Burning Spear]]|title=France still robbing and stealing from its "former" African colonies|date=2015-08-12|url=http://www.theburningspear.com/2015/08/France-still-robbing-and-stealing-from-it-s-former-African-colonies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108183847/http://www.theburningspear.com/2015/08/France-still-robbing-and-stealing-from-it-s-former-African-colonies|archive-date=2020-11-08|retrieved=2022-08-13}}</ref> | ||
Although France stopped using the franc as its currency in 2002, 14 former French colonies still use the CFA franc.<ref name=":02">{{Web citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]], [[Kambale Musavuli]]|newspaper=Independent Media Institute|title=Niger Is the Fourth Country in the Sahel to Experience an Anti-Western Coup|date=2023-08-01|url=https://portal.independentmediainstitute.org/2023/08/01/niger-is-the-fourth-country-in-the-sahel-to-experience-an-anti-western-coup/|retrieved=2023-08-03}}</ref> | |||
== Politics == | == Politics == | ||
The [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[National Rally]] party received almost 25% of the vote in the most recent elections. Current prime minister Macron's centrist [[Renaissance (party)|Renaissance]] party has a similar level of support. [[Jean-Luc Mélenchon]] leads the left-wing [[France Unbowed]] party.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019-07-22|title=Dissecting Identity & Democracy: the EU’s new far-right super group|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200918/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|archive-date=2020-09-21|retrieved=2022-11-23|author=Ellen Rivera, Marsha P. Davis}}</ref> | The [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[National Rally]] party received almost 25% of the vote in the most recent elections. Current prime minister Macron's centrist [[Renaissance (party)|Renaissance]] party has a similar level of support. [[Jean-Luc Mélenchon]] leads the left-wing [[France Unbowed]] party.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019-07-22|title=Dissecting Identity & Democracy: the EU’s new far-right super group|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200918/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2019/07/22/dissecting-identity-democracy-the-eus-new-far-right-super-group/|archive-date=2020-09-21|retrieved=2022-11-23|author=Ellen Rivera, Marsha P. Davis}}</ref> | ||
== Further reading == | |||
* ''[[Library:The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte|The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte]]'' | |||
* [[Library:The civil war in France|''The Civil War in France'']] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Countries]] | [[Category:Countries]] | ||
[[Category:European countries]] | |||
[[Category:Global north]] | [[Category:Global north]] | ||
[[Category:Imperialist countries]] | [[Category:Imperialist countries]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:09, 5 September 2024
- For the past republics of France, see French Republic (disambiguation).
| French Republic République française | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Paris |
| Demonym(s) | French |
| Dominant mode of production | Imperialist Capitalism |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
• President | Emmanuel Macron |
• Prime Minister | Michel Barnier |
| History | |
• Fifth Republic | 1958 October 4th |
| Area | |
• Total | 643,801 km² |
| Population | |
• 2024 estimate | 68,373,433 |
The French Republic, also known as France, is a country in Western Europe. Once a colonial power, France occupied many territories around the world. The following is an incomplete list of modern day countries that France once colonized: Canada (Quebec), USA, Haiti, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Chad, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, CAR, Rwanda, Chad, Madagascar, Comoros, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, India (Pondicherry), Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and China. France still indirectly controls many of its former colonies through neocolonialism.[1]
France has the following communist parties: Pole of Communist Revival in France, Communist Revolutionary Party of France, French Communist Party, and the Workers' Communist Party of France. CPSU Second Secretary Andrei Zhdanov described post-World War 2 France as a U.S. satellite state in 1947.[2]
History[edit | edit source]
Pre-revolutionary monarchy (987–1792)[edit | edit source]
See main article: Kingdom of France (987–1792)
First republic and empire (1792–1815)[edit | edit source]
See main article: French Revolution
In 1794, following the Haitian Revolution, the Jacobins abolished slavery. Britain allied with reactionary monarchist forces to fight the French Revolution.[3]
Kingdom of France (1815–1848)[edit | edit source]
After the end of the Hundred Days War in 8 July 1815, Napoleon was exiled and the Bourbon Monarchy was restored.
On 26 July 1830, the July Revolution took place, overthrowing Charles X, and replacing him with by Louis Philippe. Proclaiming himself as Roi des Français ("King of the French") rather than "King of France," the king promised to follow the juste milieu, or the middle-of-the-road. The July Monarchy was dominated by wealthy bourgeoisie and numerous former Napoleonic officials. Failed rebellions occurred in 1832 and 1839.[4]
Second republic and empire (1848–1870)[edit | edit source]
In February 1848, the monarchy was overthrown and the French Second Republic was established. In July 1848, the French proletariat rose up and was massacred by the army. Louis Bonaparte overthrew the republic in 1852. He declared war on Prussia in 1870 and was taken prisoner after being defeated.[4]
Third republic (1870–1940)[edit | edit source]
See main article: French Third Republic
After Louis Bonaparte's defeat, the French Third Republic was founded and the bourgeoisie took power.[4]
Paris Commune[edit | edit source]
The capital city of Paris was controlled by the Paris Commune from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the events of the Franco-Prussian War, Paris had been defended by the National Guard. In March 1871, during the establishment of the Third Republic under French chief executive Adolphe Thiers, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city and then refused to accept the authority of the French government, instead attempting to establish an independent government. The Commune governed Paris for two months. The Commune was eventually suppressed by the national French Army during La semaine sanglante ("The Bloody Week") beginning on 21 May 1871. Between 6,000 and 20,000 Communards were killed in battle or executed. Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune had significant influence on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who described it as the first example of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Vichy regime and Nazi occupation (1940–1944)[edit | edit source]
When Nazi Germany invaded France in 1940, many members of the French parliament, including self-proclaimed socialists, supported Pétain and his Vichy regime which collaborated with the Nazis.[5] Philippe Pétain signed an act of capitulation, and most of the French bourgeoisie sided with the Nazis.[6]
Fourth and fifth republics (1945–present)[edit | edit source]
After the Allies liberated France from Nazi Germany, France sent troops to reconquer its colonies in Vietnam, Africa, and the West Indies. Relying on US support, it fought against Vietnamese freedom fighters led by Ho Chi Minh until its defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.[7]
After the war, the French Communist Party formed strong unions and ran for office in bourgeois elections. The United States sent members of the AFL to France to import strike breakers from Italy and paid Corsican gangs to break strikes and murder party members. The USA forced France to dismiss Communist ministers in order to receive economic aid.[8]
Neocolonialism[edit | edit source]
France controls the national reserves of 14 African countries, including several of its former colonies. These countries only have access to 15% of their money and have to borrow from France with interest if they need more. France does not let them borrow amounts of money greater than 20% of their national revenue in the previous year. These countries cannot make military alliances with any countries except France and must have French as their official language. France claims the right to deploy troops in its former colonial territory in Africa.[1]
Although France stopped using the franc as its currency in 2002, 14 former French colonies still use the CFA franc.[9]
Politics[edit | edit source]
The far-right National Rally party received almost 25% of the vote in the most recent elections. Current prime minister Macron's centrist Renaissance party has a similar level of support. Jean-Luc Mélenchon leads the left-wing France Unbowed party.[10]
Further reading[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "France still robbing and stealing from its "former" African colonies" (2015-08-12). The Burning Spear. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Paris' (pp. 9–10). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ Domenico Losurdo (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History: 'Crisis of the English and American Models' (p. 137). [PDF] Verso. ISBN 9781844676934 [LG]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Christian Lourdin (2021-04-12). "La Commune de Paris" Red Patriot. Archived from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ↑ Ludo Martens (1996). Another View of Stalin: 'The Great Purge' (p. 171). [PDF] Editions EPO. ISBN 9782872620814
- ↑ Ludo Martens (1996). Another View of Stalin: 'Stalin and the anti-fascist war' (p. 225). [PDF] Editions EPO. ISBN 9782872620814
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Paris' (pp. 3–4). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ William Blum (2002). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower: 'A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, 1945 to the Present' (p. 109). [PDF] Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 9781842772201 [LG]
- ↑ Vijay Prashad, Kambale Musavuli (2023-08-01). "Niger Is the Fourth Country in the Sahel to Experience an Anti-Western Coup" Independent Media Institute. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- ↑ Ellen Rivera, Marsha P. Davis (2019-07-22). "Dissecting Identity & Democracy: the EU’s new far-right super group" CovertAction Magazine. Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2022-11-23.