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{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Peru|native_name=República del Perú<br>Piruw Ripuwlika<br>Piruwxa Ripuwlika|image_flag=Flag of Peru.svg|image_coat=Peru COA.svg|capital=Lima|largest_city=Lima|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[ | {{Infobox country|name=Republic of Peru|native_name=República del Perú<br>Piruw Ripuwlika<br>Piruwxa Ripuwlika|image_flag=Flag of Peru.svg|image_coat=Peru COA.svg|capital=Lima|largest_city=Lima|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary semi-presidential republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Dina Boluarte]] (acting)|image_map=Peru map.svg|map_width=260|official_languages=Spanish<br>Quechua<br>Aymara|demonym=Peruvian|area_km2=1,285,216|population_estimate=34,352,720|population_estimate_year=2023}} | ||
'''Peru''', officially the '''Republic of Peru''', is a country in [[South America]]. | '''Peru''', officially the '''Republic of Peru''', is a country in [[Latin America]] located in the western part of [[South America]] with a western coastline on the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It is bordered by [[Republic of Ecuador|Ecuador]] and [[Republic of Colombia|Colombia]] to the north, [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]] to the east, and [[Plurinational State of Bolivia|Bolivia]] and [[Republic of Chile|Chile]] to the south. 91% of Peruvians oppose the unelected coup regime installed by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] in 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=Peru’s coup-plotting congress has 6% approval, 91% disapproval (but full US backing)|date=2023-04-22|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/04/16/peru-coup-congress-approval-us/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417180934/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2023/04/16/peru-coup-congress-approval-us/|archive-date=2023-04-17|retrieved=2023-04-23}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
[[File:Peru indigenous map.png|thumb|Map of indigenous peoples in Peru]] | |||
=== Pre-colonization === | |||
{{Main article|Inca Empire}} | |||
=== Spanish colonization === | |||
After the [[Monarchy of Spain (1516–1700)|Spanish]] conquered the [[Realm of the Four Parts (1438–1533)|Inca Empire]], they established a [[Feudalism|feudal]] system led by a viceroy. They destroyed Inca communes.<ref name=":02">{{Web citation|author=Sergio Rodriguez Gelfenstein|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=How long will Peru last? History weighs on today’s events|date=2020-12-18|url=https://www.workers.org/2020/12/53314/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095617/https://www.workers.org/2020/12/53314/|archive-date=2023-06-06}}</ref> | |||
=== Independence === | |||
In the 1820s, General [[José de San Martín]] and [[Bernardo de Monteagudo]] tried to overthrow the [[Colonialism|colonial]] [[aristocracy]]. The aristocrats sided with the Spanish and murdered Monteagudo. San Martín resigned in September 1822, and [[Simón Bolívar]]'s forces arrived in Peru a year. They defeated a pro-Spanish conspiracy led by General [[José de la Riva Agüero]].<ref name=":02" /> | |||
=== Velasco government === | |||
In 1968, progressive [[Nationalism|nationalists]] led by [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] overthrew [[Fernando Belaunde Terry]]. They redistributed land to the [[Peasantry|peasants]], made Quechua an official language, and nationalized monopolistic companies in the agriculture and mining industries.<ref name=":02" /> | |||
Velasco became seriously ill in 1975, and General [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]] worked with the [[United States of America|U.S.]] Embassy to overthrow him. They ended land reform, privatized many businesses, and crushed [[Trade union|unions]] and popular organizations.<ref name=":02" /> | |||
[[Alan García]] came to power in 1985 on a progressive platform. His government tried to nationalize the oil industry and [[Bank|banks]] and reduce payment of foreign [[Debt|debts]]. He was not able to achieve many of his goals.<ref name=":02" /> | |||
=== Fujimori dictatorship === | === Fujimori dictatorship === | ||
[[Alberto Fujimori]] ruled Peru as an autocrat during the 1990s. His closest advisor and intelligence director, [[Vladimir Montesino]], was a | [[Alberto Fujimori]] ruled Peru as an autocrat during the 1990s. His closest advisor and intelligence director, [[Vladimir Montesino]], was a CIA-funded drug kingpin. In 1997, he ordered the execution of 14 leftists who took over the [[Japan|Japanese]] ambassador to Peru's house.<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, | ||
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=135}}</ref> | 1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=135}}</ref> | ||
=== 2022 coup === | |||
On 7 December 2022, the Congress of Peru organized a coup against President [[Pedro Castillo]] and installed [[Dina Boluarte]] as the new ruler of Peru.<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Open letter: Stop the violence against the Peruvian people!|date=2023-01-14|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/open-letter-stop-the-violence-against-the-peruvian-people/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116225037/https://www.liberationnews.org/open-letter-stop-the-violence-against-the-peruvian-people/|archive-date=2023-01-16|retrieved=2023-01-22}}</ref> U.S. ambassador and CIA agent [[Lisa Kenna]] strongly supported the coup.<ref name=":0" /> Protests soon began seeking to dissolve of Congress, create a constituent assembly, and free Castillo from prison.<ref name=":1" /> At least 60 people have died in the protests.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The following countries have denounced the U.S. coup: [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Argentine Republic|Argentina]], Bolivia, Colombia, [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Commonwealth of Dominica|Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Republic of Honduras|Honduras]], [[Mexican United States|Mexico]], [[Republic of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Ben Norton]]|newspaper=[[Geopolitical Economy Report]]|title=Latin America rejects coup in Peru, while US supports unelected regime killing protesters|date=2022-12-20|url=https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2022/12/20/latin-america-rejects-coup-peru/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131075243/https://geopoliticaleconomy.com/2022/12/20/latin-america-rejects-coup-peru/|archive-date=2023-01-31|retrieved=2023-04-23}}</ref> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
| Line 12: | Line 34: | ||
[[Category:Global south]] | [[Category:Global south]] | ||
[[Category:Latin American countries]] | [[Category:Latin American countries]] | ||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:44, 12 September 2024
| Republic of Peru República del Perú Piruw Ripuwlika Piruwxa Ripuwlika | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Lima |
| Official languages | Spanish Quechua Aymara |
| Demonym(s) | Peruvian |
| Dominant mode of production | Capitalism |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
• President | Dina Boluarte (acting) |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,285,216 km² |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 34,352,720 |
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in Latin America located in the western part of South America with a western coastline on the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, and Bolivia and Chile to the south. 91% of Peruvians oppose the unelected coup regime installed by the CIA in 2022.[1]
History[edit | edit source]
Pre-colonization[edit | edit source]
See main article: Inca Empire
Spanish colonization[edit | edit source]
After the Spanish conquered the Inca Empire, they established a feudal system led by a viceroy. They destroyed Inca communes.[2]
Independence[edit | edit source]
In the 1820s, General José de San Martín and Bernardo de Monteagudo tried to overthrow the colonial aristocracy. The aristocrats sided with the Spanish and murdered Monteagudo. San Martín resigned in September 1822, and Simón Bolívar's forces arrived in Peru a year. They defeated a pro-Spanish conspiracy led by General José de la Riva Agüero.[2]
Velasco government[edit | edit source]
In 1968, progressive nationalists led by Juan Velasco Alvarado overthrew Fernando Belaunde Terry. They redistributed land to the peasants, made Quechua an official language, and nationalized monopolistic companies in the agriculture and mining industries.[2]
Velasco became seriously ill in 1975, and General Francisco Morales Bermúdez worked with the U.S. Embassy to overthrow him. They ended land reform, privatized many businesses, and crushed unions and popular organizations.[2]
Alan García came to power in 1985 on a progressive platform. His government tried to nationalize the oil industry and banks and reduce payment of foreign debts. He was not able to achieve many of his goals.[2]
Fujimori dictatorship[edit | edit source]
Alberto Fujimori ruled Peru as an autocrat during the 1990s. His closest advisor and intelligence director, Vladimir Montesino, was a CIA-funded drug kingpin. In 1997, he ordered the execution of 14 leftists who took over the Japanese ambassador to Peru's house.[3]
2022 coup[edit | edit source]
On 7 December 2022, the Congress of Peru organized a coup against President Pedro Castillo and installed Dina Boluarte as the new ruler of Peru.[4] U.S. ambassador and CIA agent Lisa Kenna strongly supported the coup.[1] Protests soon began seeking to dissolve of Congress, create a constituent assembly, and free Castillo from prison.[4] At least 60 people have died in the protests.[1]
The following countries have denounced the U.S. coup: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela.[5]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ben Norton (2023-04-22). "Peru’s coup-plotting congress has 6% approval, 91% disapproval (but full US backing)" Geopolitical Economy Report. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Sergio Rodriguez Gelfenstein (2020-12-18). "How long will Peru last? History weighs on today’s events" Workers World. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06.
- ↑ William Blum (2002). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower: 'A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, 1945 to the Present' (p. 135). [PDF] Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 9781842772201 [LG]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Open letter: Stop the violence against the Peruvian people!" (2023-01-14). Liberation News. Archived from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
- ↑ Ben Norton (2022-12-20). "Latin America rejects coup in Peru, while US supports unelected regime killing protesters" Geopolitical Economy Report. Archived from the original on 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2023-04-23.