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{{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}} | {{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}} | ||
[[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Marxist-Leninist-Maoists propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]] | [[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Marxist-Leninist-Maoists propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]] | ||
'''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''', is a controversial current in the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] world, being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Peruvian Communist Party]] (PCP).<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/communism101/comments/8a4xwn/who_was_gonzalo_and_what_were_his_contributions/ Who was Gonzalo? And what were his contributions to Maoism?]</ref> The ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from | '''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''', is a controversial current in the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] world, being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Peruvian Communist Party]] (PCP).<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/communism101/comments/8a4xwn/who_was_gonzalo_and_what_were_his_contributions/ Who was Gonzalo? And what were his contributions to Maoism?]</ref> The ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9Q5_m07JUI Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYg9tA22O_Y&t Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)]</ref> Maoism tends to believe in the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]], [[Protracted People's War]] (PPW), [[New Democracy]], and [[Mass Line]], all of which take inspiration from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swYUaIzXOXk Thoughts on Maoism]</ref> PPW is usually in the form of guerrilla warfare.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oM95RWXmuo The Finnish Bolshevik is wrong about Maoism (Old, some incorrect lines)]</ref> | ||
{{Maoism sidebar}} | {{Maoism sidebar}} | ||
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Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]]. | Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]]. | ||
Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as | Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as [[Mao Zedong Thought|the specific set of policies taken by Mao]], were merely Marxism-Leninism . | ||
The term Marxism–Leninism-Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of | The term Marxism–Leninism-Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism. | ||
===Synthesis of Maoism=== | ===Synthesis of Maoism=== | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]]. | Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]]. | ||
===Anti- | ===Anti-revisionism=== | ||
{{Main article|Anti-revisionism}} | |||
Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that <blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on | |||
Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that <blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division on the communist movement. | |||
===Universality of Protracted People's War=== | ===Universality of Protracted People's War=== | ||
{{Main article|Protracted people's war}} | |||
Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> | Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> | ||
=== | ===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship=== | ||
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the proletariat, [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />. | Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />. | ||
===Peasantry being a separate class=== | ===Peasantry being a separate class=== | ||
Gonzalo states, although not directly, that a joint dictatorship had to be formed with an alliance of the proletariat, the peasantry and the progressives. This assumes that the peasantry are a separate class, with its different relations of production compared to the petit bourgeoisie. | Gonzalo states, although not directly, that a joint dictatorship had to be formed with an alliance of the proletariat, the peasantry and the progressives. This assumes that the peasantry are a separate class, with its different relations of production compared to the petit bourgeoisie. | ||
===Emphasis on | ===Emphasis on revolutionary violence=== | ||
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.<blockquote>With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, '''that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception.''' Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> | Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.<blockquote>With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, '''that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception.''' Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> | ||
==Criticism== | ==Criticism== | ||
=== | ===Universality of PPW=== | ||
A lot of Marxist-Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World | A lot of Marxist-Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World]] particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.<ref name=":1">[https://www.reddit.com/r/InformedTankie/comments/m9lfr4/maoism_socialrevolutionary_primitiveness/ Maoism: Social Revolutionary Primitiveness]</ref> | ||
=== | ===Anti-AES=== | ||
Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|Socialist States]], especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]], as losing their [[ | Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|Socialist States]], especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]], as losing their [[socialist]] aspects, and instead, according to Maoists, becoming [[Revisionism|Revisionist]] or [[Social Imperialism|Social Imperialist]]. | ||
==== | ====Soviet Union==== | ||
Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist. When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as " | Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist. When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==== | ====China==== | ||
[[File:Chairman Gonzalo Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of | [[File:Chairman Gonzalo Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of Chairman Gonzalo]]Gonzalo views [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the [[Deng Xiaoping]] era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists think that the modern [[People's Republic of China]] is social imperialist, and a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]]. | ||
==== | ====Vietnam==== | ||
Gonzalo views [[Ho Chi Minh]] as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.<ref name=":0" /> He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the reforms | Gonzalo views [[Ho Chi Minh]] as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.<ref name=":0" /> He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the [[Doi Moi reforms]] occurred. | ||
==== | ====DPRK==== | ||
Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and the Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]]. | Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and the Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]]. | ||
==== | ====Cuba==== | ||
Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that Castro | Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that had taken place. | ||
=== | ===Aim for revolutionary violence=== | ||
Most Marxist-Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Revolutionary Adventurism]]".<ref name=":1" /> | Most Marxist-Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Adventurism|Revolutionary Adventurism]]".<ref name=":1" /> | ||
=== | === Use of the peasantry=== | ||
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.<ref name=":1" /> | Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
Revision as of 19:33, 19 January 2023
- Not to be confused with Mao Zedong Thought
Maoism, also known as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism, is a controversial current in the Marxist-Leninist world, being first synthesized as separate from Mao Zedong Thought (MZT) by Abimael Guzmán of the Peruvian Communist Party (PCP).[1] The ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the New People's Army (NPA) of the Philippines and the Communist Party of India (Maoist). Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.[2][3] Maoism tends to believe in the ideas of the Cultural Revolution, Protracted People's War (PPW), New Democracy, and Mass Line, all of which take inspiration from MZT.[4] PPW is usually in the form of guerrilla warfare.[5]
| Part of a series on |
| Maoism |
|---|
 |
Development
Origin of the term
Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of China under Mao Zedong.
Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",[6] which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao, were merely Marxism-Leninism .
The term Marxism–Leninism-Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism.
Synthesis of Maoism
Chairman Gonzalo is the first person to synthesise the term "Maoism" although the application of Maoism appears significantly earlier starting with the Communist Party of the Philippines in 1968.[7]
Gonzalo states that Maoism is the third stage of Marxism, and that it had to be synthesised due to the following three reasons: Mao's contribution to the idea of "Bureaucrat Capitalism", Mao's establishment of the "Socialist Political Economy", and Mao's military theory.[8]
Using the ideology "Maoism"
The Communist Party of the Philippines has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist-Leninist-Maoist movements can be seen in Russia and China.
Characteristics
Mao Zedong Thought
Main Article: Mao Zedong Thought
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's Three Worlds Theory.
Anti-revisionism
See main article: Anti-revisionism
Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that
"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."[8]
Thus Maoism, like Hoxhaism, puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting bourgeois philosophy into Marxism,"[8] but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division on the communist movement.
Universality of Protracted People's War
See main article: Protracted people's war
Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,
People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.[8]
Emphasis of a joint dictatorship
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the proletariat, peasantry and the progressives (petit bourgeoisie)[8].
Peasantry being a separate class
Gonzalo states, although not directly, that a joint dictatorship had to be formed with an alliance of the proletariat, the peasantry and the progressives. This assumes that the peasantry are a separate class, with its different relations of production compared to the petit bourgeoisie.
Emphasis on revolutionary violence
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.
With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception. Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.[8]
Criticism
Universality of PPW
A lot of Marxist-Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular Third World Nations, and it couldn't be accomplished in the First World particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.[9]
Anti-AES
Maoists often view present or past Socialist States, especially the post-Stalin Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Warsaw Pact, as losing their socialist aspects, and instead, according to Maoists, becoming Revisionist or Social Imperialist.
Soviet Union
Gonzalo views Stalin as a great person, and not revisionist. When Khrushchev and Gorbachev were the leaders of the Soviet Union, Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."[8]
China
Gonzalo views Mao as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the Deng Xiaoping era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".[8] Most Maoists think that the modern People's Republic of China is social imperialist, and a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie.
Vietnam
Gonzalo views Ho Chi Minh as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.[8] He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the Doi Moi reforms occurred.
DPRK
Gonzalo never specifically states that the DPRK is a revisionist nation,[8] however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and the Leader Kim Il-Sung.
Cuba
Gonzalo never specifically states that Cuba is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that Castro let the Soviet Union commit "social imperialism" onto the nation.[8] Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that had taken place.
Aim for revolutionary violence
Most Marxist-Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that Vladimir Lenin described as "Revolutionary Adventurism".[9]
Use of the peasantry
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,
The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.[8]
This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.[9]
See also
External links
References
- ↑ Who was Gonzalo? And what were his contributions to Maoism?
- ↑ Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)
- ↑ Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)
- ↑ Thoughts on Maoism
- ↑ The Finnish Bolshevik is wrong about Maoism (Old, some incorrect lines)
- ↑ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought
- ↑ Stanford CISAC - Communist Party of the Philippines
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 Interview with Chairman Gonzalo
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Maoism: Social Revolutionary Primitiveness