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| Islamic Republic of Iran جمهوری اسلامی ایران | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
Motto: Independence, Freedom, Islamic Republic | |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Tehran |
| Official languages | Persian |
| Religion | Islam |
| Dominant mode of production | State capitalism |
| Government | Unitary presidential theocratic Islamic republic under a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie |
• Leader[1] | Ali Khamenei |
• President | Masoud Pezeshkian |
• Vice President | Mohammad Reza Aref |
• Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly | Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf |
| History | |
| 1979 Feb 12th | |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,648,195 km² |
| Population | |
• 2024 estimate | 89,745,530 |
| Currency | Iranian Rial |
The Islamic Republic of Iran, also called Persia[2] and Iran, is the second largest country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan as well as having a northern coast on the Caspian Sea and a southern coast on the Persian Gulf. The modern government of Iran is an Islamic republic that includes elements of a presidential democracy, which was installed by a popular revolution against the USA-backed monarchy of the Shah.
Iran is a frequent target of US and NATO aggression, which is justified through fearmongering over the prospect of Iran starting a nuclear war, despite them having no motive to do so. The acts of aggression perpetrated by NATO include the use of sanctions to restrict access to essentials such as medicine, which harms the entire population. Because of this, Iran often forms strategic alliances with other anti-NATO forces, including Russia, Syria, Hezbollah and some Marxist-Leninist organisations such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). However, it should be noted that the Iranian state is capitalist and therefore actively suppresses Marxist ideology within Iran itself.
Iran's geography makes it geo-strategically important for the modern global oil markets, as it is the northern coast of the Strait of Hormuz which is a maritime chokepoint through which a third of the world's liquefied natural gas and a quarter of global oil trade passes through. Iran's economy is dominated by state-owned enterprises, which make up 60% of the total GDP. A unique feature of Iran's economy is the presence of large religious foundations called Bonyad, whose combined budgets represent more than 30 percent of central government spending.[3]
Historically, Iran has had ties with the Black liberation movement and the Nation of Islam.[4]
History
Early history
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations,[5][6] beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE.
Ancient Iran
See main article: Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)
Sasanian Empire
See main article: Kingdom of the Iranians (224–651)
Safavid Iran
See main article: Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
Qajar Iran
See main article: Sublime State of Iran (1789–1925)
Pahlavi monarchy
See main article: Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979)
When Reza Shah came to power in 1925, he arrested the leadership of the Communist Party of Persia.[7]
In 1951, the Iranian parliament nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Muhammed Mosaddeq and his National Front founded the National Iranian Oil Company, which later inspired the Free Officers in Egypt.[8]
1953 coup d'état
After the Shah refused to give Parliament control of the military, Mosaddeq resigned. The United States forced the National Front to crush the Tudeh Party, which had 25,000 cadre and 335,000 union members. The CIA, led by Kermit Roosevelt, then overthrew the elected government and installed the Shah to rule as an absolute monarch. The Shah killed thousands of communists and nationalists.[8]
Islamic Republic
After the 1979 Iranian revolution, the Bonyads were nationalized and renamed with the declared intention of redistributing income to the poor and families of martyrs.[9]
In January 2020, the United States murdered General Qasem Soleimani in a drone strike.[10]
In June 2022, Iran signed a bilateral trade agreement with the Donetsk People's Republic at the Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum.[11] Iran also signed a cooperation plan with Venezuela and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said that Iran and Venezuela "have closer ties with each other than any other country."[12]
References
- ↑ Islamic Republic of Iran. "General View of Iran"
- ↑ “"Iran" and "Persia" are synonymous. The former has always been used by the Iranian speaking peoples themselves, while the latter has served as the international name of the country in various languages”
Joshua A. Fishman (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives (Volume 1) (p. 266). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537492-6 - ↑ Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan Oppressed and Disabled Veterans Foundation (MJF). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ↑ The Nation of Islamic Republic of Iran with Setareh Sadeqi on Historic.ly podcast by Esha Krishnaswamy and Robert Grannies - Aug 22
- ↑ Christopher Whatley (2001). Bought and Sold for English Gold: The Union of 1707. Tuckwell Press.
- ↑ Lowell Barrington (2012). Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices, 2nd ed.tr: Structures and Choices (p. 121). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-34193-0
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2017). Red Star over the Third World: 'Enemy of Imperialism' (p. 78). [PDF] New Delhi: LeftWord Books.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Tehran' (pp. 75–77). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ https://www.mei.edu/publications/iranian-para-governmental-organizations-bonyads
- ↑ Tom O'Connor, James Laporta (2020-01-02). "Iraq Militia Officials, Iran's Quds Force Head Killed in U.S. Drone Strike" Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
- ↑ "Iran and Donetsk Sign Agreement To Strengthen Trade Relations" (2022-06-18). TeleSur.
- ↑ Benjamin Norton (2022-06-11). "Venezuela and Iran sign 20-year cooperation plan, Maduro pledges joint ‘anti-imperialist struggle’" Multipolarista. Archived from the original on 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-06-28.