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{{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}} | {{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}} | ||
[[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb| | [[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Maoist [[Red Guards (United States)|Red Guards]] propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]] | ||
'''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''', is a | '''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''' ('''MLM'''), is a [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]] current of communist thought. Being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Shining Path]] party, the ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9Q5_m07JUI Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYg9tA22O_Y&t Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>{{Citation | title-url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S01-MLM-Basic-Course-Revised-Edition-10th-Printing.pdf | title=Marxism–Leninism–Maoism basic course (PDF) (5th ed.)}}</ref> Maoism believes in the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]], [[Protracted People's War]] (PPW), [[New Democracy]], and [[Mass Line]], all of which take inspiration from MZT. People's War is a the form of guerrilla warfare which was developed specifically for the material conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] in the previous century, although it is usually adopted as a universal dogma by Maoists, even in [[Imperial core|developed countries]]. | ||
{{Maoism sidebar}} | {{Maoism sidebar}} | ||
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Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]]. | Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]]. | ||
Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as | Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao were merely Sinicized Marxism–Leninism. | ||
The term | The term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism. | ||
===Synthesis of Maoism=== | ===Synthesis of Maoism=== | ||
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===Using the ideology "Maoism"=== | ===Using the ideology "Maoism"=== | ||
The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable | The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movements can be seen in [[Russian Maoist Party|Russia]] and [[Maoist Communist Party of China|China]]. | ||
==Characteristics == | ==Characteristics == | ||
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{{Main article|Anti-revisionism}} | {{Main article|Anti-revisionism}} | ||
Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that<blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division | Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that<blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division in the communist movement. | ||
===Universality of Protracted People's War=== | ===Universality of Protracted People's War=== | ||
{{Main article|Protracted people's war}} | {{Main article|Protracted people's war}} | ||
Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> | Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> | ||
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===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship=== | ===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship=== | ||
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />. | Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />. | ||
===Emphasis on revolutionary violence=== | ===Emphasis on revolutionary violence=== | ||
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===Universality of PPW=== | ===Universality of PPW=== | ||
A lot of | A lot of Marxist–Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World]] particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries. | ||
===Anti-AES=== | ===Anti-AES=== | ||
Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state| | Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|socialist states]] especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] as losing their [[socialist]] aspects and instead, according to Maoists, becoming [[Revisionism|revisionist]] or [[Social-imperialism|social-imperialist]]. | ||
====Soviet Union==== | ====Soviet Union==== | ||
Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist. When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" /> | Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist.{{Citation needed}} When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" /> | ||
====China==== | ====China==== | ||
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====DPRK==== | ====DPRK==== | ||
Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and | Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and its Eternal Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]]. They regard ''[[Juche]]'' as an ultranationalist deviation from Marxism and argue that the [[planned economy]] of the DPRK is operated by a hidden class of bourgeoisie.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=massline.org|title=Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)|url=https://massline.org/Dictionary/DE.htm#DPRK|retrieved=2023-12-4|quote=The country which in the West is usually called “North Korea”. The DPRK was established in the northern part of Korea by Communist anti-Japanese guerrilla forces at the end of World War II, and with the substantial support of the Soviet Union. At the same time U.S. imperialism—with the help of the defeated Japanese military forces—quickly established its control over the southern part of Korea, which set the stage for its horrendous imperialist Korean War (1950-1953) and the continued division of the Korean nation since that time. | ||
The highly deficient sort of top-down socialism which was originally established in the DPRK was—if anything—a more extreme form of the bureaucratic type of socialism which existed in the Soviet Union in the Stalin era. Since—as in the USSR—the DPRK regime did not know or use the mass line in politics, industry or agriculture, this type of society tended to soon become more and more undemocratic and authoritarian. Over the years it has degenerated totally away from anything which can be remotely considered as genuine “socialism” (which, after all, must most essentially be based on the rule of the people themselves). The DPRK is now best characterized as an ultra-nationalistic form of state capitalism, directed by a tiny militarily-obsessed elite social class, and for the primary benefit of that very privileged governing class. Even more absurdly, this DPRK ruling class has turned its regime into one which is very close to a hereditary absolute monarchy, which was ruled first by Kim Il Sung, then by his son Kim Jong Il, and now by his son, Kim Jong Un.}}</ref> | |||
====Cuba==== | ====Cuba==== | ||
Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that | Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social-imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that have taken place. | ||
===Aim for revolutionary violence=== | ===Aim for revolutionary violence=== | ||
Most | Most Marxist–Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Adventurism|Revolutionary Adventurism]]". | ||
=== Use of the peasantry=== | === Use of the peasantry=== | ||
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one. | Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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*[[Gonzalo Thought]] | *[[Gonzalo Thought]] | ||
*[[New Synthesis]] | *[[New Synthesis]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Hoxhaism]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Maoism]] | [[Category:Maoism]] | ||
[[Category:Communist ideologies]] | [[Category:Communist ideologies]] | ||
[[Category:Revisionism]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:20, 4 December 2023
- Not to be confused with Mao Zedong Thought
Maoism, also known as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism (MLM), is a dogmatic current of communist thought. Being first synthesized as separate from Mao Zedong Thought (MZT) by Abimael Guzmán of the Shining Path party, the ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the New People's Army (NPA) of the Philippines and the Communist Party of India (Maoist). Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.[1][2][3] Maoism believes in the ideas of the Cultural Revolution, Protracted People's War (PPW), New Democracy, and Mass Line, all of which take inspiration from MZT. People's War is a the form of guerrilla warfare which was developed specifically for the material conditions of China in the previous century, although it is usually adopted as a universal dogma by Maoists, even in developed countries.
| Part of a series on |
| Maoism |
|---|
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Development
Origin of the term
Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of China under Mao Zedong.
Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",[4] which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao were merely Sinicized Marxism–Leninism.
The term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism.
Synthesis of Maoism
Chairman Gonzalo is the first person to synthesise the term "Maoism" although the application of Maoism appears significantly earlier starting with the Communist Party of the Philippines in 1968.[5]
Gonzalo states that Maoism is the third stage of Marxism, and that it had to be synthesised due to the following three reasons: Mao's contribution to the idea of "Bureaucrat Capitalism", Mao's establishment of the "Socialist Political Economy", and Mao's military theory.[6]
Using the ideology "Maoism"
The Communist Party of the Philippines has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movements can be seen in Russia and China.
Characteristics
Mao Zedong Thought
See main article: Mao Zedong Thought
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's Three Worlds Theory.
Anti-revisionism
See main article: Anti-revisionism
Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that
"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."[6]
Thus Maoism, like Hoxhaism, puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting bourgeois philosophy into Marxism,"[6] but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division in the communist movement.
Universality of Protracted People's War
See main article: Protracted people's war
Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,
People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.[6]
Emphasis of a joint dictatorship
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the proletariat, peasantry and the progressives (petit bourgeoisie)[6].
Emphasis on revolutionary violence
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.
With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception. Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.[6]
Criticism
Universality of PPW
A lot of Marxist–Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular Third World Nations, and it couldn't be accomplished in the First World particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.
Anti-AES
Maoists often view present or past socialist states especially the post-Stalin Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Warsaw Pact as losing their socialist aspects and instead, according to Maoists, becoming revisionist or social-imperialist.
Soviet Union
Gonzalo views Stalin as a great person, and not revisionist.[citation needed] When Khrushchev and Gorbachev were the leaders of the Soviet Union, Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."[6]
China
Gonzalo views Mao as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the Deng Xiaoping era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".[6] Most Maoists think that the modern People's Republic of China is social imperialist, and a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie.
Vietnam
Gonzalo views Ho Chi Minh as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.[6] He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the Doi Moi reforms occurred.
DPRK
Gonzalo never specifically states that the DPRK is a revisionist nation,[6] however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and its Eternal Leader Kim Il-Sung. They regard Juche as an ultranationalist deviation from Marxism and argue that the planned economy of the DPRK is operated by a hidden class of bourgeoisie.[7]
Cuba
Gonzalo never specifically states that Cuba is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that Castro let the Soviet Union commit "social-imperialism" onto the nation.[6] Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that have taken place.
Aim for revolutionary violence
Most Marxist–Leninists despise the aim that Maoism achieves, particularly because it is acting in a similar that Vladimir Lenin described as "Revolutionary Adventurism".
Use of the peasantry
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,
The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.[6]
This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.
See also
References
- ↑ Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)
- ↑ Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)
- ↑ Marxism–Leninism–Maoism basic course (PDF) (5th ed.).
- ↑ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought
- ↑ Stanford CISAC - Communist Party of the Philippines
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Interview with Chairman Gonzalo
- ↑ “The country which in the West is usually called “North Korea”. The DPRK was established in the northern part of Korea by Communist anti-Japanese guerrilla forces at the end of World War II, and with the substantial support of the Soviet Union. At the same time U.S. imperialism—with the help of the defeated Japanese military forces—quickly established its control over the southern part of Korea, which set the stage for its horrendous imperialist Korean War (1950-1953) and the continued division of the Korean nation since that time.
The highly deficient sort of top-down socialism which was originally established in the DPRK was—if anything—a more extreme form of the bureaucratic type of socialism which existed in the Soviet Union in the Stalin era. Since—as in the USSR—the DPRK regime did not know or use the mass line in politics, industry or agriculture, this type of society tended to soon become more and more undemocratic and authoritarian. Over the years it has degenerated totally away from anything which can be remotely considered as genuine “socialism” (which, after all, must most essentially be based on the rule of the people themselves). The DPRK is now best characterized as an ultra-nationalistic form of state capitalism, directed by a tiny militarily-obsessed elite social class, and for the primary benefit of that very privileged governing class. Even more absurdly, this DPRK ruling class has turned its regime into one which is very close to a hereditary absolute monarchy, which was ruled first by Kim Il Sung, then by his son Kim Jong Il, and now by his son, Kim Jong Un.”
"Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)". massline.org. Retrieved 2023-12-4.