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{{Infobox country|name=Republic of | {{Infobox country|name=Republic of Türkiye|leader_title2=Vice President|national_anthem=İstiklal Marşı|image_map=Turkey map.svg|map_width=260|largest_city=Istanbul|capital=Ankara|leader_name3=[[Numan Kurtulmuş]]|leader_title4=Chief Justice|leader_name4=[[Kadir Özkaya]]|leader_title3=Assembly Speaker|leader_name2=[[Cevdet Yılmaz]]|leader_name1=[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]|native_name=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|government_type=Unitary presidential republic|leader_title1=President|image_flag=Turkey flag.png|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|legislature=Grand National Assembly|area_km2=783,356|population_estimate_year=2023|population_estimate=85,372,377|official_languages=Turkish|demonym=Turkish . Turk}} | ||
'''Turkey''', officially the '''Republic of | '''Turkey''', officially the '''Republic of Türkiye''', is an imperialist [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] country that contains land in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. It is bordered to the east by [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Republic of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Republic of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], and [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], to the south by [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]], and the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and to the west by [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]], [[Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], and the [[Aegean Sea]]. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Ottoman Empire === | |||
{{Main article|Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)}} | |||
=== Interwar Period === | |||
In 1923, a [[Bourgeois state|bourgeois republic]] was established after the fall of the [[Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)|Ottoman Empire]]. The new bourgeois government cracked down on communists. Workers' [[Strike action|strikes]] were suppressed with guns.<ref>{{Citation|author=A. Shnurov|title=Turkish Proletariat|page=55|quote=For example, the events on the Adana - Nusaybin railway clearly demonstrate this. During a strike on this line, which belonged to a French company, the police literally shot unarmed strikers.|trans-title=Türkiye Proletaryası|trans-lang=Turkish}}</ref> Most of the [[Communist Party of Turkey (historical)|Communist Party of Turkey]] members left for the Soviet Union as a result of the repression by the Kemalists. [[Joseph Stalin]] noted that the Kemalist revolution in Turkey contained a limited [[anti-imperialism]], but was subsequently directed against the workers and peasants.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Stalin|year=1927|title=Talk with students of the Sun Yat-Sen University|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1927/05/13.htm|chapter=The sixth question|quote=A Kemalist revolution is a revolution of the top stratum, a revolution of the national merchant bourgeoisie, arising in a struggle against the foreign imperialists, and whose subsequent development is essentially directed against the peasants and workers, against the very possibility of an agrarian revolution.|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1927/05/13.htm}}</ref> | |||
=== Cold War === | |||
Turkey followed a partially neutral policy until the 1940s. Its relations with the Soviet Union were good. In 1946, Turkey started to get closer to the US and later became a member of NATO<ref>{{Web citation|author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey|url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-nato-together-for-peace-and-security-since60-years.en.mfa|quote=Protocol regarding Turkey’s membership to NATO was signed on 17 October 1951. Law on the accession of Turkey to the North Atlantic Treaty was endorsed on 18 February 1952 and Turkey became a NATO member together with Greece.}}</ref> after siding with the imperialists in the [[Korean War]]. | |||
Communist influence in Turkey increased considerably after the 1960s. In 1970, [[Mahir Çayan]] and a few others, adopting [[Ernesto Guevara|Guevarist]] strategies, founded the THKP/C ([[People's Revolutionary Party-Front of Turkey]]) and launched an armed rebellion. The party was shut down in 1972 after Mahir Çayan and many others were killed in combat.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Marxists Internet Archive (Turkish)|title=Mahir Çayan (1945-1972)|url=https://www.marxists.org/turkce/cayan/}}</ref> In 1972, [[Marxist-Leninist]] student leader [[Deniz Gezmiş]] was sentenced to death and hanged to death. In 1973 [[İbrahim Kaypakkaya|Ibrahim Kaypakkaya]], a [[Maoism|Maoist]] student, founded the [[Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist|TKP/ML]] (Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist-Leninist)<ref>{{Web citation|author=Marxists Internet Archive|title=İbrahim Kaypakkaya (1949-1973)|url=https://www.marxists.org/turkce/kaypakkaya/index.htm}}</ref>, adopting the Maoist strategy and declaring Turkey a semi-feudal and semi-colony, and launched an armed rebellion. In 1973, İbrahim Kaypakkaya was tortured to death. | |||
In the 1960s, the [[United States of America|USA]] gave Turkey PGM-19 Jupiter missiles to target the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], [[Cuban Missile Crisis|nearly causing a nuclear war]].<ref>{{Citation|author=George L. Smith|year=1962|title=The Jupiter Missiles of Turkey|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113182651/http://www.hlswilliwaw.com/Jupiters/index.htm|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> | |||
In 1980, the USA supported a military coup in Turkey.<ref>{{Citation|author=Mehmet Ali Birand|year=|title=September 12: 4:00 am|chapter=|section=|page=1|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=12 eylül: saat 04.00|trans-lang=Turkish}}</ref> After the coup, many communists and progressives were executed or imprisoned. Since the 1980s, Turkey has promoted [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] culture and economics.<ref>{{YouTube citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNqW4vlYGpQ&ab_channel=BSM|channel=BSMTV|title=Bir 12 Eylül Vakası: Özgür Demirtaş (TR) / A 9/12 Shame: Özgür Demirtaş|date=2020/03/29}}</ref> Between 1980 and 2000, the USA gave $15 billion of weapons to Turkey as it massacred [[Kurds|Kurdish]] civilians.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|page=11|chapter=Hypocritical Humanitarianism|publisher=Verso|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf}}</ref> | |||
=== 21st Century === | |||
In 2018, Turkey invaded [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]] on the United States' behalf, killing 500 civilians.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2018-03-18|title=Afrin administration: The war has moved to another stage|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava/afrin-administration-the-war-has-moved-to-another-stage-25570|newspaper=ANF|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> | In 2018, Turkey invaded [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]] on the United States' behalf, killing 500 civilians.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2018-03-18|title=Afrin administration: The war has moved to another stage|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava/afrin-administration-the-war-has-moved-to-another-stage-25570|newspaper=ANF|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-05}}</ref> | ||
== Politics == | |||
In the first round of the 2023 presidential election, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan received 49.5% of the vote, [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]] received 44.88%, and [[Sinan Oğan]] of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Ancestral Alliance]] received 5.2%. Oğan supports deporting refugees and is inspired by the Statesian [[United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|author=Ulaş Ateşçi|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|title=Turkish elections: Far-right candidate demands Erdoğan, Kılıçdaroğlu expel refugees|date=2023-05-17|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/05/17/tcaw-m17.html}}</ref> | |||
On 28 May 2023, Erdoğan defeated Kılıçdaroğlu in a runoff.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[WSWS]]|title=Political lessons of the 2023 Turkish presidential elections|date=2023-05-31|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/06/01/cztj-j01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602172752/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/06/01/cztj-j01.html|archive-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> | |||
=== National Alliance === | |||
The National Alliance, which supports Kılıçdaroğlu, consists of the [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP), the [[Good Party]], which split from the MHP, and the Kurdish nationalist [[People's Democratic Party]]. The [[Workers' Party of Turkey (2017)|Workers' Party of Turkey]] also supports Kılıçdaroğlu,<ref name=":1" /> and the [[Communist Party of Turkey (modern)|Communist Party of Turkey]] encouraged its supporters to vote for him against Erdoğan without fully supporting him.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Türkiye’s election: What can bring down the ultra-reactionary Erdoğan regime?|date=2023-05-17|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/millions-cast-their-votes-to-elect-turkiyes-president-and-members-of-the-parliament/}}</ref> | |||
=== People's Alliance === | |||
The People's Alliance, which supports Erdoğan, consists of the [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[Justice and Development Party]] (AKP), the [[Fascism|fascist]] [[National Movement Party]] (MHP), and the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] Islamist [[Free Cause Party]].<ref name=":1" /> | |||
== Human rights == | |||
Hundreds of women are murdered yearly in Turkey due to [[reactionary]] fundamentalist beliefs promoted by the Turkish government.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|date=2018-01-19|title=Solidarity with Kemal Okuyan, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Turkey|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/solidarity-with-kemal-okuyan-general-secretary-of-the-communist-party-of-turkey/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714044433/https://www.liberationnews.org/solidarity-with-kemal-okuyan-general-secretary-of-the-communist-party-of-turkey/|archive-date=2019-07-14|retrieved=2022-12-24}}</ref> Following the 1980 coup, Turkey killed 40,000 Kurds and left two million homeless.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
=== Working conditions === | |||
As a result of the ruling [[Justice and Development Party|AKP]]'s neoliberal policies, over 2,000 people die every year in workplace accidents.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Asian countries]] | |||
[[Category:Countries]] | [[Category:Countries]] | ||
[[Category:Countries targeted by CIA coups]] | |||
[[Category:Imperialist countries]] | [[Category:Imperialist countries]] | ||
<references /> | |||
Latest revision as of 20:27, 13 September 2024
| Republic of Türkiye Türkiye Cumhuriyeti | |
|---|---|
 Flag | |
Anthem: İstiklal Marşı | |
 | |
| Capital | Ankara |
| Largest city | Istanbul |
| Official languages | Turkish |
| Demonym(s) | Turkish . Turk |
| Dominant mode of production | Capitalism |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
• President | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |
• Vice President | Cevdet Yılmaz |
• Assembly Speaker | Numan Kurtulmuş |
• Chief Justice | Kadir Özkaya |
| Legislature | Grand National Assembly |
| Area | |
• Total | 783,356 km² |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 85,372,377 |
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is an imperialist NATO country that contains land in Europe and Asia. It is bordered to the east by Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran, to the south by Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea, and to the west by Greece, Bulgaria, and the Aegean Sea.
History[edit | edit source]
Ottoman Empire[edit | edit source]
See main article: Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)
Interwar Period[edit | edit source]
In 1923, a bourgeois republic was established after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The new bourgeois government cracked down on communists. Workers' strikes were suppressed with guns.[1] Most of the Communist Party of Turkey members left for the Soviet Union as a result of the repression by the Kemalists. Joseph Stalin noted that the Kemalist revolution in Turkey contained a limited anti-imperialism, but was subsequently directed against the workers and peasants.[2]
Cold War[edit | edit source]
Turkey followed a partially neutral policy until the 1940s. Its relations with the Soviet Union were good. In 1946, Turkey started to get closer to the US and later became a member of NATO[3] after siding with the imperialists in the Korean War.
Communist influence in Turkey increased considerably after the 1960s. In 1970, Mahir Çayan and a few others, adopting Guevarist strategies, founded the THKP/C (People's Revolutionary Party-Front of Turkey) and launched an armed rebellion. The party was shut down in 1972 after Mahir Çayan and many others were killed in combat.[4] In 1972, Marxist-Leninist student leader Deniz Gezmiş was sentenced to death and hanged to death. In 1973 Ibrahim Kaypakkaya, a Maoist student, founded the TKP/ML (Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist-Leninist)[5], adopting the Maoist strategy and declaring Turkey a semi-feudal and semi-colony, and launched an armed rebellion. In 1973, İbrahim Kaypakkaya was tortured to death.
In the 1960s, the USA gave Turkey PGM-19 Jupiter missiles to target the Soviet Union, nearly causing a nuclear war.[6]
In 1980, the USA supported a military coup in Turkey.[7] After the coup, many communists and progressives were executed or imprisoned. Since the 1980s, Turkey has promoted neoliberal culture and economics.[8] Between 1980 and 2000, the USA gave $15 billion of weapons to Turkey as it massacred Kurdish civilians.[9]
21st Century[edit | edit source]
In 2018, Turkey invaded Syria on the United States' behalf, killing 500 civilians.[10]
Politics[edit | edit source]
In the first round of the 2023 presidential election, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan received 49.5% of the vote, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu received 44.88%, and Sinan Oğan of the far-right Ancestral Alliance received 5.2%. Oğan supports deporting refugees and is inspired by the Statesian ICE.[11]
On 28 May 2023, Erdoğan defeated Kılıçdaroğlu in a runoff.[12]
National Alliance[edit | edit source]
The National Alliance, which supports Kılıçdaroğlu, consists of the Republican People's Party (CHP), the Good Party, which split from the MHP, and the Kurdish nationalist People's Democratic Party. The Workers' Party of Turkey also supports Kılıçdaroğlu,[11] and the Communist Party of Turkey encouraged its supporters to vote for him against Erdoğan without fully supporting him.[13]
People's Alliance[edit | edit source]
The People's Alliance, which supports Erdoğan, consists of the Islamist Justice and Development Party (AKP), the fascist National Movement Party (MHP), and the Kurdish Islamist Free Cause Party.[11]
Human rights[edit | edit source]
Hundreds of women are murdered yearly in Turkey due to reactionary fundamentalist beliefs promoted by the Turkish government.[14] Following the 1980 coup, Turkey killed 40,000 Kurds and left two million homeless.[9]
Working conditions[edit | edit source]
As a result of the ruling AKP's neoliberal policies, over 2,000 people die every year in workplace accidents.[14]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ “For example, the events on the Adana - Nusaybin railway clearly demonstrate this. During a strike on this line, which belonged to a French company, the police literally shot unarmed strikers.”
A. Shnurov. Turkish Proletariat (Turkish: Türkiye Proletaryası) (p. 55). - ↑ “A Kemalist revolution is a revolution of the top stratum, a revolution of the national merchant bourgeoisie, arising in a struggle against the foreign imperialists, and whose subsequent development is essentially directed against the peasants and workers, against the very possibility of an agrarian revolution.”
Joseph Stalin (1927). Talk with students of the Sun Yat-Sen University: 'The sixth question'. [MIA] - ↑ “Protocol regarding Turkey’s membership to NATO was signed on 17 October 1951. Law on the accession of Turkey to the North Atlantic Treaty was endorsed on 18 February 1952 and Turkey became a NATO member together with Greece.”
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. - ↑ Marxists Internet Archive (Turkish). "Mahir Çayan (1945-1972)"
- ↑ Marxists Internet Archive. "İbrahim Kaypakkaya (1949-1973)"
- ↑ George L. Smith (1962). The Jupiter Missiles of Turkey.
- ↑ Mehmet Ali Birand. September 12: 4:00 am (Turkish: 12 eylül: saat 04.00) (p. 1).
- ↑ BSMTV (2020/03/29). "Bir 12 Eylül Vakası: Özgür Demirtaş (TR) / A 9/12 Shame: Özgür Demirtaş". YouTube.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'Hypocritical Humanitarianism' (p. 11). [PDF] Verso.
- ↑ "Afrin administration: The war has moved to another stage" (2018-03-18). ANF. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Ulaş Ateşçi (2023-05-17). "Turkish elections: Far-right candidate demands Erdoğan, Kılıçdaroğlu expel refugees" WSWS.
- ↑ "Political lessons of the 2023 Turkish presidential elections" (2023-05-31). WSWS. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02.
- ↑ "Türkiye’s election: What can bring down the ultra-reactionary Erdoğan regime?" (2023-05-17). Liberation News.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Solidarity with Kemal Okuyan, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Turkey" (2018-01-19). Liberation News. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2022-12-24.