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=== Attempted anti-fascist alliance === | === Attempted anti-fascist alliance === | ||
In March 1939 after Germany annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, the USSR tried to organize an [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] alliance with France and the UK From June to August, the British secretly met with the Nazis and agreed to allow Germany to invade Eastern Europe in exchange for guaranteeing the integrity of the British Empire. The USSR also proposed a defense agreement with [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]], but Poland refused, and the USSR signed a [[Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|non-aggression pact]] with Germany on 23 August 1939.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–90</sup> | In March 1939 after Germany annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, the USSR tried to organize an [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] alliance with France and the UK. From June to August, the British secretly met with the Nazis and agreed to allow Germany to invade Eastern Europe in exchange for guaranteeing the integrity of the British Empire. The USSR also proposed a defense agreement with [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]], but Poland refused, and the USSR signed a [[Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|non-aggression pact]] with Germany on 23 August 1939.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–90</sup> | ||
== Class character == | == Class character == | ||
Revision as of 19:58, 22 July 2023
World War II, also known as the Second World War or the Great Patriotic War, was a global armed conflict that lasted from 1 September 1939 to 2 September 1945. With an estimated total of 70–85 million people dead, it is considered the deadliest conflict in human history.
Background
Rise of fascism
Adolf Hitler took power in Germany in 1933. Francisco Franco launched a coup against the Second Spanish Republic in 1936, leading to a civil war.[1] Italy and Germany supported the Spanish fascists while Britain and France stayed neutral. Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936, and Italy joined soon after.[2]:185–90
Fascist expansion
Fascist Japan invaded northeast China in 1931 while the ruling Kuomintang focused on fighting the Communists instead of the Japanese invaders.[1] Italy occupied and colonized Ethiopia in 1935. Germany annexed Austria in March 1938 after announcing a supposed communist uprising. In May, Germany annexed part of Czechoslovakia with support from the West.[2]:185–90
Attempted anti-fascist alliance
In March 1939 after Germany annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, the USSR tried to organize an anti-fascist alliance with France and the UK. From June to August, the British secretly met with the Nazis and agreed to allow Germany to invade Eastern Europe in exchange for guaranteeing the integrity of the British Empire. The USSR also proposed a defense agreement with Poland, but Poland refused, and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Germany on 23 August 1939.[2]:185–90
Class character
The character of the war is subject to some contention due to the factor of the socialist Soviet Union as a participant, unlike the First World War which was characterised as an imperialist war for the redivision of the world among the 'great powers' where capitalism had reached its monopoly stage. During the period from the invasion of Poland in September 1939 to the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Comintern designated the war as a second imperialist war and did not co-operate with their respective bourgeois governments and then seemingly reversed their position, something which they are highly maligned for.[citation needed]
British Communist Rajani Palme Dutt clarified that the entry of the Soviet Union only augmented the 'anti-fascist, liberating character' of the war.[3] The fascist invasions culminated in more than 30 million casualties in Europe, and more than 61 million worldwide. The war consisted of a reactionary phase when the ruling classes appeased fascism and did not co-operate with the Soviet struggle for self-determination and then the phase of the united struggle of the peoples against fascism when the Great Alliance was formed in 1941.
Asia-Pacific theatre
Japan began its colonial expansion before the outbreak of the war. It invaded Manchuria in 1931 and reached the Soviet border, provoking fears of war.[2]:185–90
In 1932, Kim Il-sung founded a guerrilla army to resist the occupation of Korea. Japan attacked U.S. forces at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in 1941 and then colonized Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaya, and New Guinea while the U.S. was recovering. On 8 August 1945, exactly three months after Germany surrendered, the Soviet Union sent troops into Manchuria and Korea to oust the Japanese colonizers.[4]
The United States used atomic bombs against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, killing 443,000 civilians.[5]
European theatre
Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, beginning the European theatre of the war. The Soviet Union forced Germany not to cross the Thasse, Narew, Bug, or Vistula rivers. Following the invasion, France and Britain declared war on Germany but did not actually begin fighting yet.[2]:185–90 The Nazis used 80% of their strength on the Eastern Front, where they lost over three million soldiers.[6]
Winter War
On 14 October 1939, the Soviet government sent a message to the Finnish government regarding the security of Leningrad, which was only 32 km from the Finnish border. Stalin and Molotov asked for the Port of Hanko, the Karelian Isthmus, and four islands. In exchange, they offered Finland a portion of Karelia twice the size of the other areas combined. Finland refused, and the Soviet Union declared war on it, with Hitler saying that Germany could rely on Finland and Romania for support. Britain, France, Italy, and the United States sent Finland a total of 700 planes, 1,500 cannons, and 6,000 machine guns. France and the UK sent 150,000 soldiers to Finland, but the Red Army defeated Finland before they arrived and advanced its defenses farther from Leningrad.[2]:185–90
Western Front
The Nazis invaded Western Europe in May 1940 and began bombing the UK in July. In September 1940, the United States took control of British military bases in the Americas in exchange for giving 50 old destroyers to the UK. The bases were located in eight British colonies: Antigua, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Guiana, Jamaica, Newfoundland, and Saint Lucia, and Trinidad.[7]
Eastern Front
Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. General Dmitry Pavlov's incompetence caused the loss of Minsk, the capital of Belarus, on 28 June, and the Military Council ordered his execution.
The Battle of Smolensk began on 10 July 1941 and lasted two months, with Germany losing 250,000 soldiers. The Nazis began their final offensive towards Moscow on 30 September, and 450,000 of the city's inhabitants mobilized to build fortifications and anti-tank defences. Germany bombed Moscow, but their offensive was defeated in early November. The Nazis attempted a second offensive against Moscow on 15 November and occupied some of its southern suburbs but were defeated on 5 December, and the Red Army began a counteroffensive of 720,000 soldiers that pushed 800,000 Nazi soldiers back 100 to 300 km.
The Red Army failed to liberate Crimea in April 1942, and the Nazis counterattacked on 8 May. In May 1942, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, a former assistant to Zhukov, became Chief of Staff. Konstantin Rokossovsky became the commander of the Bryansk front in July. On 23 August 1942, 1,000 German planes began bombing Stalingrad and set the city on fire.[2]:224–31
The Red Army entered Hungary on 23 August 1944, and Hungary's fascist leader Horthy expected the West to support him against the Soviets.[5]
Middle Eastern theatre
In late 1939, French General Maxime Weygand went to Syria and Turkey to prepare an attack against the Soviet Union and planned to bomb the Baku oilfields.[2]:185–90
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 John Ross (2022-09-13). "The United States Is Waging a New Cold War: A Socialist Perspective" Tricontinental. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Ludo Martens (1996). Another View of Stalin: 'Stalin and the anti-fascist war'. [PDF] Editions EPO. ISBN 9782872620814
- ↑ Rajani Palme Dutt (2005). On the Character of the Second World War. On the 60th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany.
- ↑ Stephen Gowans (2018). Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom: 'The Patriot' (pp. 66–72). [PDF] Montreal: Baraka Books. ISBN 9781771861427 [LG]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ludo Martens (1996). Another View of Stalin: 'From Stalin to Khrushchev' (pp. 242–244). [PDF] Editions EPO. ISBN 9782872620814
- ↑ Austin Murphy (2000). The Triumph of Evil: 'A Detailed Autopsy of the Collapse of the Superior System in the Divided Germany' (p. 113). [PDF] Fucecchio: European Press Academic Publishing. ISBN 8883980026
- ↑ David Vine (2020). The United States of War: 'Reopening the Frontier' (pp. 223–4). Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520972070 [LG]