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{{Distinguish|Communist Party of Brazil}}
{{Infobox political party
{{Infobox political party
| colorcode = red
| name = Brazilian Communist Party
| name = Brazilian Communist Party
| native_name = Partido Comunista Brasileiro
| native_name = Partido Comunista Brasileiro
| native_name_lang = pt
| native_name_lang = Portuguese
| logo = PCB logo.svg
| logo = File:PCB_Logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| abbreviation = PCB
| colorcode = #FF0000
| general_secretary = Edmilson Costa
| general_secretary = {{ill|Edmilson Costa|pt}}
| founded = March 25, 1922
| foundation = 1922
| newspaper = ''People's power''
| membership = 12,909<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inter04.tse.jus.br/ords/dwtse/f?p=2001:104:::NO:::|title=Eleitores filiados|website=inter04.tse.jus.br}}</ref>
| think_tank = Dinarco Reis Foundation
| ideology = [[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br>[[Revolutionary socialism]]
| youth_wing = Communist Youth Union
| headquarters = Rua das Marrecas, 27, 3º andar, Centro<br/>[[Rio de Janeiro]]
| womens_wing = Classist Feminist Collective Ana Montenegro
| regional = [[Foro de São Paulo|São Paulo Forum]]
| political_orientation = [[Marxism–Leninism]]
| international = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]]
| website = https://pcb.org.br
| position = [[Far-left]]
}}{{Communist parties}}
| colours = [[Red]], [[yellow]]
The '''Brazilian Communist Party''' [Portuguese: ''Partido Comunista Brasileiro'' ('''PCB''')] is a [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazilian]] [[communist party]] that defines itself as a party of militants and revolutionary cadres that are formed in the class struggle, in the organization of the proletariat, and in the study of the works of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]. Its theoretical basis for [[praxis]] is [[Marxism-leninism|Marxism–Leninism]], which is based on the principles developed by [[Vladimir Lenin]].
| youth_wing = Young Communist Union
| seats1_title = Seats in City Councils
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|1|56810|hex=#CC0000}}
| blank1_title = TSE Identification Number
| blank1 = 21
| website = {{URL|http://pcb.org.br/}}
| country = Brazil
}}
{{Communist Parties |expanded=Americas}}
The '''Brazilian Communist Party''' ({{lang-pt|Partido Comunista Brasileiro}}), originally '''Communist Party of Brazil''' (''Partido Comunista do Brazil''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uniaoreconstrucaocomunista.blogspot.com/2013/08/desenvolvimento-da-luta-revolucionaria-exige-nova-postura-dos-comunistas.html|title=URC: "O desenvolvimento da luta revolucionária exige uma nova postura dos comunistas"|date=9 August 2013|publisher=}}</ref> is a [[political party]] in [[Brazil]] founded in 1922 which makes the disputed claim of being the oldest political party still active in the nation. It played an important role in the country's 20th-century history despite the relatively small number of members.[https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj/1975/no076/newsinger.htm] A factional dispute led to the formation of [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]] (Communist Party of Brazil) in the 1960s, though both communist parties were united in opposition to the [[Brazilian military government]] that ruled from 1964 to 1985. But with the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall]] of the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Revolutions of 1989|collapse]] of [[communism]] circa 1990, the party lost power and international support. An internal coup in 1992 divided the party and formed a new party, called [[Popular Socialist Party (Brazil)|Socialist People's Party]], using the former identification number of the PCB, 23. This party has since moved towards the centre and now goes by the name [[Cidadania]].


The youth wing of PCB is known as Young Communist Union.
==History==
===Background===
Until the 1920s, the labor movement in [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]] was mostly led by [[Anarchism|anarchists]]. Striking movements, sporadic in the early years of the Republic, became more frequent in the beginning of the 20th century, sometimes having state or national reach. The main demands of the movements were to improve wages, reduce the working day to eight hours, regulate the work of women and children, and stipulate weekly rest.<ref name=":0">CPDOC da Fundação Getúlio Vargas. ''[http://www.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-tematico/partido-comunista-brasileiro-pcb Partido Comunista Brasileiro].'' Accessed on 2021-06-16</ref>


==History==
The [[October Revolution|October Revolution of 1917]] awakened the interest of anarchists in the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and in 1918, the Communist League of Livramento was founded by former anarchist militants sympathetic to communism. The following year, the Brazillian-[[Lebanese Republic|Lebanese]] barber Abilio de Nequete founded the Maximalist Union in Porto Alegre, making it the first communist organization in Brazil.<ref>{{Textcite|author=Edgar Carone|year=1982|title=O PCB – 1922 a 1943|chapter=Do I ao III Congresso (1922–1929)|pdf=|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=3E128FFCD798BF093276AD8816183E84|trans=The PCB – 1922 to 1943|translang=Portuguese|transchap=From the 1st to the 3rd Congress (1922–1929)}}</ref> The term "maximalist" was used to refer to [[Bolshevik party|Bolsheviks]] at that time.<ref name=":0" />
===Foundation===
The '''Brazilian Communist Party''' (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], ''Partido Comunista Brasileiro''), abbreviated as the '''PCB''', was founded on March 25, 1922 in the [[city]] of [[Niterói]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]. On that day, nine representatives of [[communism|communist]] groups from the cities of [[São Paulo]], [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]], [[Cruzeiro, São Paulo|Cruzeiro]], [[Porto Alegre]], [[Recife]], [[Niterói]], [[Juiz de Fora]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]] met and approved the party's statutes and the twenty-one conditions for entering the [[Communist International]], though the PCB was not recognized by the Comintern in its first years due to its eclectic ideological roots. The meeting ended with all seventy-three members of the party singing [[The Internationale|L'Internationale]] (quietly, to avoid being overheard).


===Early years===
Disagreements between anarchists and communists soon began to sharpen. In Brazil, part of the anarcho-syndicalist movement launched violent attacks on the [[III International]] after Bolshevik crackdown on anarchist terrorists. A few anarchist newspapers denounced in 1920 "Bolshevik terror" in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]]. With the beginning of the shootings of anarchists in the Soviet Union, the rupture between anarchists and communists was also consummated in Brazil.<ref name=":0" />
The PCB's first years were marked by an effort to encourage socialist thinking in [[Brazil]]. There had been moderate socialist parties, newspapers and congresses, but much unlike the strong social-democratic parties that existed in many European countries. The radical anti-[[capitalism|capitalist]] thinking had been dominated by [[Anarchism in Brazil|anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists]], who also dominated the [[labour movement]], such as in the case of the [[Anarchism in Brazil|1917 anarchist actions]] in São Paulo. Inspired by the [[Russian Revolution]], a group of former anarchist militants who were disappointed in the lack of unity and force of the movement, turned communist and started the PCB. At the same time, some other figures from Brazil's early labour- and socialist movements became inspired by forms of military and [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[populism]], like the [[Tenente revolts|tenentes]], that eventually led to the [[Getúlio Vargas|Vargas]]-revolution of 1930.


During the first years, the party was declared illegal by the [[Federal government of Brazil|government]]. On May 1, 1925, during the party's Second Congress, its weekly [[newspaper]] ''A Classe Operária'' (''The Working Class'') was announced, with five thousand copies being sold on the factories. This number grew to nine hundred copies by the ninth edition, but the [[police]] shut the newspaper down shortly after the twelfth edition was published. The paper reappeared in 1928, after the Third Congress was held.
A small group led by Astrojildo Pereira, on the November 4, 1921 founded the Communist Group of Rio de Janeiro, the first of a series of communist nuclei to be established in other states. The Rio de Janeiro communist group had a goal of fulfilling the 21 conditions necessary for admission to the [[Communist International]]. To be accepted, the parties had to fundamentally adopt the name of communists, dissociate themselves from all [[Reformism|reformist]] positions, fight for the [[Revolution|revolutionary]] overthrow of [[capitalism]] and the establishment of the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].<ref name=":0" />


By 1930, after being recognized by the Communist International and with its [[Socialist Youth (Brazil)|Socialist Youth]] division formed, the PCB had nearly eleven hundred members. This marks the beginning of a long period of submission to, initially the [[Communist International|Third International]], and, after its dissolution, to the political leadership of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]. This [[decade]] also marked two cycles on the party's history: one of increasing influence, until 1935, and one of decline, until 1942. Both cycles are comprehensible when seen in the context of the [[Getúlio Vargas|Vargas]] era.
===Early years (1922–1945)===
<ref>{{Textcite|author=Pedro Chadarevian|year=2012|title=Raça, classe e revolução no Partido Comunista Brasileiro (1922-1964)|pdf=https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/politica/article/download/2175-7984.2012v11n20p255/25503|lg=|doi=10.5007/2175-7984.2012v11n20p255|trans=Race, class and revolution in the Brazilian Communist Party (1922-1964)|translang=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{Textcite|author=Marcelo A. Camurça|year=1998|title=Intelectualidade rebelde e militância política: adesão dos intelectuais ao Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) – 1922–1960|pdf=https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/locus/article/download/20458/10877/82276|lg=|trans=Rebellious intelligentsia and political militancy: adherence of intellectuals to the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) – 1922–1960|translang=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{Textcite|author=Marco Aurélio Santana|year=2020|title=Um partido em dois tempos: o Partido Comunista
Brasileiro (PCB) nas conjunturas pré e pós golpe de 1964|pdf=https://web3.rosario-conicet.gov.ar/ojs/index.php/AvancesCesor/article/download/v17n22a09/1149|lg=|doi=|trans=A party in two stages: the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) before and after coup d’etat of 1964|translang=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{Textcite|author=Astrojildo Pereira|year=1960|title=Primeiros dias do partido|pdf=|publisher=Dinarco Reis Foundation|lg=|trans=First days of the party|translang=Portuguese|web=https://fdinarcoreis.org.br/2012/10/01/primeiros-dias-do-partido-astrojildo-pereira/}}</ref>


===Reorganization and growth===
PCB, then named Communist Party of Brazil [''Partido Comunista do Brasil''] was founded in March 25th, 1922 in Rio de Janeiro during its first congress, after initiative from the communist groups of Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro to establish a national communist party and carry out the resulting party's admission to the [[Communist International]]. The congress had 9 delegates representing 73 members from the several communist groups active in Brazil at the time.<ref>{{Textcite|author=Apoena Canuto Cosenza|year=2012|title=Um partido, duas táticas: uma história organizativa e política do Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB), de 1922 a 1935|pdf=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-21082013-111540/publico/2012_ApoenaCanutoCosenza.pdf|city=São Paulo|lg=|doi=10.11606/D.8.2013.tde-21082013-111540|trans=A party, two tactics: an organizational and political history of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), from 1922 to 1935|translang=Portuguese|chapter=O advento do PCB (1922 a 1935)|transchap=The emergence of PCB (1922 to 1935)}}</ref>
On 1943, during the so-called ''Mantiqueira Conference'', the party secretly met in the small [[city]] of Engenheiro Passos, Rio de Janeiro, and in an open [[Letter (message)|letter]] to Vargas decided to support a [[declaration of war]] on the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. At the same time, [[Luís Carlos Prestes]] was elected to the party's [[presidency]]. On 1945, after Vargas's [[dictatorship]] ended, the PCB became legal once again. By 1947, it had nearly two hundred thousand members. In the 1947 legislative election, it received 480 thousand votes or about 9% of total votes cast. However, this period of official tolerance did not last long, as President [[Eurico Gaspar Dutra|Dutra]] denounced the PCB as "internationalist, and therefore not committed to Brazil's own interests" in 1948, an action supported by the [[United States|American]] government.


In the 1950s, as the party was driven underground, it began supporting major workers' [[Strike action|strikes]] around Brazil. However, this did not prevent the beginning of internal clashes between different factions within the PCB. This became more evident after the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Communist Party]]'s [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|20th Congress]], when [[Nikita Khrushchev]] denounced [[Joseph Stalin]]'s policies. The factionalization of the party accelerated after a new Manifesto was passed in 1958, proposing new ways of achieving communist goals. This Manifesto linked the establishment of [[socialism]] to the broadening of democracy. Some of its top leaders, dissatisfied with the new Soviet line, quit the PCB and formed a new party, [[Communist Party of Brazil]] (''Partido Comunista do Brasil'' - PCdoB) in 1962.
===Dissolution of the old party and reconstruction period. (1992–2001)===
After the fall of the [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazilian]] [[Corporate-military dictatorship of Brazil|military dictatorship]] and the [[dissolution of the USSR]], a group led by Roberto Freire (a Brazilian analogue of [[Gorbachev]]) wanted to extinguish PCB, but encountered resistance from within the party. Then, the group called for an "extraordinary congress" with the intention of creating a "new political formation". They invited non-members of the party as delegates, granted them voting rights to declare the extinction of the party, and the creation, in its place, of the Popular Socialist Party (PPS).<ref name=":1">{{Textcite|author=Partido Comunista Brasileiro|year=2013|title=O novo que nasce velho|pdf=|lg=|trans=The new that is born old|translang=Portuguese|web=https://pcb.org.br/portal2/4687/o-novo-que-nasce-velho/}}</ref>


In the mid-1960s the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] estimated the number of organized communists in Brazil to around 31,000.<ref>Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H.. ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1953329 Communism and Economic Development]'', in The [[American Political Science Review]], Vol. 62, No. 1. (Mar., 1968), pp. 122.</ref>
The congress, considered controversial, ended up being recognized by the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil and the bourgeois media. Older members classified the action of the group linked to its then president, Roberto Freire, as a coup, and decided to launch a national campaign for the preservation of the party and its symbols.<ref name=":1" />  


===Military rule years===
===The PCB today (2002–)===
With this new orientation, the PCB grew in size and exercised a much greater role in the Brazilian left. However, the alliance forged with the other parties did not survive the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état]]. PCB did play an important role against the dictatorship, by organizing the workers movement and participating in efforts to unite the opposition in its demands for democratic reforms. At that point in time the communists were a fraction of the democratic opposition front, the [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]] (MDB). It refused, for example, to engage in armed struggle, differently from other left wing organizations that decided to follow that path. The clandestine operations and the political disputes regarding the strategies to resist the military regime led to many important leaders leaving the party, while many others died in the hands of the military regime. To the end of the dictatorship, while the Communist Party in Brazil was involved in several internal clashes, the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Worker's Party]] (Partido dos Trabalhadores) was founded. Its creation was the project of a series of left wing groups independent from the PCB ([[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], communist dissidents, ex-[[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]], sectors of the Catholic Left, independent unionists and intellectuals). It was structured as an alternative to Communist-led unionism in Brazil. Forswearing the Popular Front strategy adopted by the PCB, the PT chose instead to take a more radical stance against the military regime and gained a strong presence in between high skilled workers and middle-class intellectuals. The growth of the PT accelerated the fragmentation process inside the PCB leading ultimately to a big split.


===Crisis and formation of the PPS===
==Congresses==
After the 1979 amnesty, the PCB's leaders began to restructure the party. The 1982 Congress confirmed its democratic agenda, declaring the PCB "a party of the masses, linking socialist goals to true democracy, which will be constructed based on the values of [[Political freedom|freedom]]". Once again, internal clashes developed in the party, as it was passing through a process of renewal while its influence in society declined. The fall of the [[Eastern Bloc]] was also a strong blow to the party, turning the renewal process into one where [[Marxism]] began to be abandoned by party leaders. This crisis reached its high point in January 1992.


A group led by the then-President [[Roberto Freire (politician)|Roberto Freire]] called its 10th Congress despite a Congressional resolution which had been passed a year earlier that the party would not call a congress for that year and that determined that the party would be kept. Nevertheless, Freire managed to organize it and allow people who were not members of the party to vote.  That congress voted to dissolve the PCB and refound it as the [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] [[Popular Socialist Party (Brazil)|Socialist People's Party]] (''Partido Popular Socialista'' - PPS), in a way similar to what had transpired in Italy.
===I Congress — 1922===


However a small group, led by Ivan Pinheiro, questioning the legality of the 10th Congress, decided to keep the party [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]].
===II Congress — 1925===


===Refoundation and reorganization===
===III Congress — 1929===
After the dissolution of the PCB, decided by the 10th Congress, the Central Committee minority that was opposed to this action organized an "Extraordinary Reorganization Conference", where it decided to rebuild the party with the maintaining of its identity and by reviewing the path that it had followed in the precedent years. The party then started a battle in order to gain the rights to use the name Brazilian Communist Party and the acronym PCB (which was contested by the members of the PPS) and to legalize the party. In 1996, the PCB would be officially registered.


The Party has realized four congresses since then: the 10th (1993), 11th (1996), 12th (2000) and the 13th (2006). It remains small, in spite of some recent growth during the government of [[Luís Inácio Lula da Silva]] and the crisis of [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]] (it should be noticed that the main result of this process was the [[Socialism and Liberty Party]]). Although competing in elections and participating in wider electoral fronts, its electoral results were insignificant.
===IV Congress — 1954===


In 2006, the PCB agreed on a nationwide alliance with two other left-wing parties, [[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]] and [[United Socialist Workers' Party|PSTU]]. Putting aside some significant ideological differences, the three parties built a common agenda to try to break the polarity between presidential candidates [[Luís Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]) and [[Geraldo Alckmin]] ([[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]]). The coalition also extended to gubernatorial and parliament elections to take place at the same time all over the country.
===V Congress — 1960===
The PCB elected a state deputy (Jorge Souza, in the state of [[Amapá]]) and has about 20 local representatives.


The party's union branch currently builds the central Intersindical and is growing greatly in the union movement. The student movement is responsibility of the Young Communist Union, which is also growing in size.
===VI Congress — 1967===


The last party's Congress, the 13th, in 2005, voted to abolish the post of "president" and use only the traditional position of "secretary-general".
===VII Congress — 1982===


==Electoral results==
===VIII Congress — 1987===
===Presidential elections===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Election
! rowspan="2" |Candidate
! rowspan="2" |Running mate
! rowspan="2" |Colligation
! colspan="2" |First round
! colspan="2" |Second round
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
|[[1922 Brazilian presidential election|1922]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1926 Brazilian presidential election|1926]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1930 Brazilian general election|1930]]
|[[Minervino de Oliveira]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|''None''
|''None''
|151
|0,008% (#3)
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|''None''
|[[Gastão Valentim]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|''None''
|141
|0,007% (#3)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|[[1934 Brazilian presidential election|1934]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1945 Brazilian general election|1945]]
|[[Yedo Fiúza]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|''None''
|''None''
|569,818
|9,71% (#3)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1950 Brazilian general election|1950]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1955 Brazilian presidential election|1955]]
|''None''*
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|-
|[[1960 Brazilian presidential election|1960]]
|''None**''
|''None''
|''None''
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|-
|[[1964 Brazilian presidential election|1964]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1966 Brazilian presidential election|1966]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1969 Brazilian presidential election|1969]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1974 Brazilian presidential election|1974]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1978 Brazilian presidential election|1978]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1985 Brazilian presidential election|1985]]
|''None''
|''None''
|''None''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|[[1989 Brazilian presidential election|1989]]
|[[Roberto Freire (politician)|Roberto Freire]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|[[Sérgio Arouca]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|''None''
|769,123
|1.13% (#8)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|[[1994 Brazilian general election|1994]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Luís Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|[[Aloízio Mercadante]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Cidadania|PPS]]; [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]; [[Unified Workers' Socialist Party|PSTU]] 
|17,122,127
|27.07 (#2)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|[[1998 Brazilian general election|1998]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Luís Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|[[Leonel Brizola]] ([[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]
|21,475,218
|31.71% (#2)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|[[2002 Brazilian general election|2002]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Luís Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|[[José Alencar]] ([[Liberal Party (Brazil)|PL]])
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]; [[Liberal Party (Brazil)|PL]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Party of National Mobilization|PMN]]; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]
|39,455,233
|46.44% (#1)
|52,793,394
|61,27%
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|[[2006 Brazilian general election|2006]]
|[[Heloísa Helena (politician)|Heloísa Helena]] ([[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]])
|[[César Benjamin]] ([[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]])
|[[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]]; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]; [[Unified Workers' Socialist Party|PSTU]]
|6,575,393
|6.85% (#3)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|[[2010 Brazilian presidential election|2010]]
|[[Ivan Pinheiro]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|[[Edmilson Costa]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|''None''
|39,136
|0.04% (#9)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|[[2014 Brazilian general election|2014]]
|[[Mauro Iasi]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|[[Sonia Manzano (politician)|Sofia Manzano]] ([[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]])
|''None''
|47,845
|0.05% (#10)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
|[[2018 Brazilian presidential election|2018]]
|[[Guilherme Boulos]] ([[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]])
|[[Sônia Guajajara]] ([[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]])
|[[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]]; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]
|617,122
|0.58% (#10)
| -
| -
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
| colspan="9" |<small>Source: [http://electionresources.org/br/president.php?election=1994&state=BR Election Resources: Federal Elections in Brazil – Results Lookup]</small> <ref>{{Cite web|title=PARTIDO COMUNISTA BRASILEIRO (PCB)|url=http://www.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-tematico/partido-comunista-brasileiro-pcb|last=Brasil|first=CPDOC-Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação História Contemporânea do|website=CPDOC - Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil|language=pt-br|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DA “DECLARAÇÃO DE MARÇO” DE 1958 À RENÚNCIA DE JÂNIO QUADROS: AS VICISSITUDES DO PCB NA LUTA POR UM GOVERNO NACIONALISTA E DEMOCRÁTICO|url=https://pcb.org.br/portal2/1525/da-declaracao-de-marco-de-1958-a-renuncia-de-janio-quadros-as-vicissitudes-do-pcb-na-luta-por-um-governo-nacionalista-e-democratico/|last=admin|date=2011-06-03|website=PCB - Partido Comunista Brasileiro|language=pt-BR|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>PCB supported [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 1945–65)|PSD]]) informally in 1955, due to its illegality


<nowiki>**</nowiki>PCB supported [[Henrique Teixeira Lott]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 1945–65)|PSD]]) informally in 1960, due to its illegality
===IX Congress — 1991===
|}


===Parliamentary elections===
===X Congress — 1993===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-----
! align="center" | Year
! align="center" | Elections
! align="center" | Votes
! align="center" | %
! align="center" | Seats
|-----
| rowspan=2 |1945
| Chamber of Deputies 
| align="center" | 511.302
| align="center" | 8.45%
| align="center" | 14
|-----
| Federal Senate
| align="center" | 1.095.843
| align="center" | 9.73%
| align="center" | 1
|-----
| rowspan=2| 1947
| Chamber of Deputies 
| align="center" | 479.024
| align="center" | 9.2%
| align="center" | 2 *
|-----
| Federal Senate
| align="center" | 151.182
| align="center" | 2.5%
| align="center" | 0
|-----
| rowspan=2 | 1986
| Chamber of Deputies 
| align="center" | 380,592
| align="center" | 0.8%
| align="center" | 3
|-----
| Federal Senate **
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|-----
| rowspan=2 | 1990
| Chamber of Deputies
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 
| align="center" | 3
|-----
| Federal Senate
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 
| align="center" |
|-----
|}
{{small|*}} The 1947 elections had just a complementary character at the federal level (since the deputies elected in 1945 had mandates until 1950) and elected the State Chambers according to the new Constitution. The PCB elected 46 state deputies and become a major party in the Federal District (at this time, the city of Rio de Janeiro).
{{small|**}} The party didn't launched any candidates to the Senate, choosing to support other parties' candidates, following the party tactics of a "democratic front".


==Congresses==
===XI Congress — 1996===
* I Congress - Niterói-RJ, March 1922
* II Congress - May 1925
* III Congress - December 1928/January 1929
* IV Congress - November 1954
* V Congress - August/September 1960
* VI Congress - December 1967
* VII Congress - São Paulo-SP, December 1982 - the Congress was invaded by the police and only concluded, without a new meeting of the delegates, in 1984
* VIII Congress (Extraordinary) - Brasília-DF, June 1987
* IX Congress - Rio de Janeiro-RJ, May/June 1991
* X Congress - Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 1993
* XI Congress - Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 1996
* XII Congress - April, 2000
* XIII Congress - Belo Horizonte-MG, March 2005
* XIV Congress - Rio de Janeiro-RJ, October, 2009
* XV Congress: São Paulo, April, 2014


==Leaders==
===XII Congress — 2000===
===General Secretaries===
*Abílio de Nequete - 1922
*[[Astrojildo Pereira]] - 1924-1930
*Heitor Ferreira Lima - 1931
*Fernando de Lacerda - 1931-1932
*José Vilar - 1932
*Duvitiliano Ramos - 1932
*Domingos Brás - 1932
*[[Luís Carlos Prestes]] - 1943-1980
*Giocondo Dias - 1980-1985
*[[Ivan Pinheiro]] - 2005-2016
*Edmilson Costa - 2016–present


===Presidents===
===XIII Congress — 2005===
*Giocondo Dias - 1985-1987
*Salomão Malina - 1987-1991
*[[Roberto Freire (politician)|Roberto Freire]] - 1991-1992
*[[Oscar Niemeyer]] 1992-1996
*Zuleide Faria de Mello 1996-2008


==Newspapers and magazines==
===XIV Congress — 2009===
*''Voz da Unidade'' - the main organ of the party in the 80's, weekly
*''Novos Rumos'' - theoretical magazine, open to the contribution of personalities and currents outside of the party
*''O Poder popular'' - current newspaper


==See also==
===XV Congress — 2014===
* [[Brazilian uprising of 1935]]
*[[List of political parties in Brazil]]
*[[List of communist parties]]
*[[Politics of Brazil]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />
 
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061211212852/http://www.institutoastrojildopereira.org.br/ Instituto Astrojildo Pereira] (in Portuguese)
 
==Sources (in Portuguese)==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040202034832/http://www.vermelho.org.br/pcdob/80anos/trajetoria.asp PCdoB timeline]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061210211747/http://espacoacademico.com.br/055/55pol.htm Contribuição à história do marxismo no Brasil (1987-1994)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060903062915/http://www.ifcs.ufrj.br/~amorj/ Arquivo da Memória Operária do Rio de Janeiro]
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Numbers of Brazilian Official Political Parties|before=[[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|20 - SCP (PSC)]]|after=[[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|22 - LP (PL)]]|years=21 - BCP (PCB)}}
{{s-end}}
{{Brazil political parties}}


[[Category:1922 establishments in Brazil]]
==External sources==
[[Category:Anti-imperialist organizations]]
http://www.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-tematico/partido-comunista-brasileiro-pcb
[[Category:Anti-revisionist organizations]]
[[Category:Communist parties]]
[[Category:Comintern sections]]
[[Category:Communist parties in Brazil]]
[[Category:Far-left politics in Brazil]]
[[Category:Formerly banned communist parties]]
[[Category:Foro de São Paulo]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1922]]
[[Category:Political parties in Brazil]]

Latest revision as of 19:03, 27 February 2024

Brazilian Communist Party

Partido Comunista Brasileiro
AbbreviationPCB
General SecretaryEdmilson Costa
FoundedMarch 25, 1922
NewspaperPeople's power
Think tankDinarco Reis Foundation
Youth wingCommunist Youth Union
Women's wingClassist Feminist Collective Ana Montenegro
Political orientationMarxism–Leninism
Website
https://pcb.org.br
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The Brazilian Communist Party [Portuguese: Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB)] is a Brazilian communist party that defines itself as a party of militants and revolutionary cadres that are formed in the class struggle, in the organization of the proletariat, and in the study of the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Its theoretical basis for praxis is Marxism–Leninism, which is based on the principles developed by Vladimir Lenin.

History

Background

Until the 1920s, the labor movement in Brazil was mostly led by anarchists. Striking movements, sporadic in the early years of the Republic, became more frequent in the beginning of the 20th century, sometimes having state or national reach. The main demands of the movements were to improve wages, reduce the working day to eight hours, regulate the work of women and children, and stipulate weekly rest.[1]

The October Revolution of 1917 awakened the interest of anarchists in the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and in 1918, the Communist League of Livramento was founded by former anarchist militants sympathetic to communism. The following year, the Brazillian-Lebanese barber Abilio de Nequete founded the Maximalist Union in Porto Alegre, making it the first communist organization in Brazil.[2] The term "maximalist" was used to refer to Bolsheviks at that time.[1]

Disagreements between anarchists and communists soon began to sharpen. In Brazil, part of the anarcho-syndicalist movement launched violent attacks on the III International after Bolshevik crackdown on anarchist terrorists. A few anarchist newspapers denounced in 1920 "Bolshevik terror" in Soviet Russia. With the beginning of the shootings of anarchists in the Soviet Union, the rupture between anarchists and communists was also consummated in Brazil.[1]

A small group led by Astrojildo Pereira, on the November 4, 1921 founded the Communist Group of Rio de Janeiro, the first of a series of communist nuclei to be established in other states. The Rio de Janeiro communist group had a goal of fulfilling the 21 conditions necessary for admission to the Communist International. To be accepted, the parties had to fundamentally adopt the name of communists, dissociate themselves from all reformist positions, fight for the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat.[1]

Early years (1922–1945)

[3][4][5][6]

PCB, then named Communist Party of Brazil [Partido Comunista do Brasil] was founded in March 25th, 1922 in Rio de Janeiro during its first congress, after initiative from the communist groups of Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro to establish a national communist party and carry out the resulting party's admission to the Communist International. The congress had 9 delegates representing 73 members from the several communist groups active in Brazil at the time.[7]

Dissolution of the old party and reconstruction period. (1992–2001)

After the fall of the Brazilian military dictatorship and the dissolution of the USSR, a group led by Roberto Freire (a Brazilian analogue of Gorbachev) wanted to extinguish PCB, but encountered resistance from within the party. Then, the group called for an "extraordinary congress" with the intention of creating a "new political formation". They invited non-members of the party as delegates, granted them voting rights to declare the extinction of the party, and the creation, in its place, of the Popular Socialist Party (PPS).[8]

The congress, considered controversial, ended up being recognized by the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil and the bourgeois media. Older members classified the action of the group linked to its then president, Roberto Freire, as a coup, and decided to launch a national campaign for the preservation of the party and its symbols.[8]

The PCB today (2002–)

Congresses

I Congress — 1922

II Congress — 1925

III Congress — 1929

IV Congress — 1954

V Congress — 1960

VI Congress — 1967

VII Congress — 1982

VIII Congress — 1987

IX Congress — 1991

X Congress — 1993

XI Congress — 1996

XII Congress — 2000

XIII Congress — 2005

XIV Congress — 2009

XV Congress — 2014

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 CPDOC da Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Partido Comunista Brasileiro. Accessed on 2021-06-16
  2. ↑ Edgar Carone (1982). 'From the 1st to the 3rd Congress (1922–1929)' in The PCB – 1922 to 1943 [Portuguese: 'Do I ao III Congresso (1922–1929)' in O PCB – 1922 a 1943]. [LG]
  3. ↑ Pedro Chadarevian (2012). Race, class and revolution in the Brazilian Communist Party (1922-1964) [Portuguese: Raça, classe e revolução no Partido Comunista Brasileiro (1922-1964)]. [PDF] doi:10.5007/2175-7984.2012v11n20p255 [HUB]
  4. ↑ Marcelo A. Camurça (1998). Rebellious intelligentsia and political militancy: adherence of intellectuals to the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) – 1922–1960 [Portuguese: Intelectualidade rebelde e militância política: adesão dos intelectuais ao Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) – 1922–1960]. [PDF]
  5. ↑ Marco Aurélio Santana (2020). A party in two stages: the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) before and after coup d’etat of 1964 [Portuguese: Um partido em dois tempos: o Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) nas conjunturas pré e pós golpe de 1964]. [PDF]
  6. ↑ Astrojildo Pereira (1960). First days of the party [Portuguese: Primeiros dias do partido]. Dinarco Reis Foundation.
  7. ↑ Apoena Canuto Cosenza (2012). 'The emergence of PCB (1922 to 1935)' in A party, two tactics: an organizational and political history of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), from 1922 to 1935 [Portuguese: 'O advento do PCB (1922 a 1935)' in Um partido, duas táticas: uma história organizativa e política do Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB), de 1922 a 1935]. [PDF] São Paulo. doi:10.11606/D.8.2013.tde-21082013-111540 [HUB]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Partido Comunista Brasileiro (2013). The new that is born old [Portuguese: O novo que nasce velho].

External sources

http://www.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-tematico/partido-comunista-brasileiro-pcb

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