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{{Infobox political party|name=Peruvian Communist Party|native_name=Partido Comunista del Perú|logo=Flag of the Shining Path.png|caption=Flag of the PCP|abbreviation=PCP|founder=[[Abimael Guzmán]]|foundation=1969|split=[[Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)]]|successor=[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]| | {{Infobox political party|name=Peruvian Communist Party|native_name=Partido Comunista del Perú|logo=Flag of the Shining Path.png|caption=Flag of the PCP|abbreviation=PCP|founder=[[Abimael Guzmán]]|foundation=1969|split=[[Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)]]|successor=[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]|political_orientation=[[Maoism]]<br>[[Gonzalo Thought]]<br>[[Anti-revisionism]]<br>[[Terrorism]]|position=[[Ultra-left]]|international=[[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]]<br>[[International Communist League (2023)|International Communist League]] (since 2023)|slogan=¡Viva la Guerra Popular! ¡Guerra Popular hasta el comunismo! | ||
("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!")}} | ("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!")}} | ||
{{Maoism sidebar}}{{Communist Parties}} | |||
The '''Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path''' ('''PCP-SL'''),<ref group="lower-alpha">Spanish: Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL)</ref> more commonly known as the '''Shining Path''', is a [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Marxist-Leninist-Maoist]] party and [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] organization in [[Republic of Peru|Peru]] founded by [[Abimael Guzmán]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Commonly referred to as "Chairman Gonzalo"</ref> in 1969 after an organizational split with the [[Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag]]. | |||
The | The party organized its own militia, the [[People's Guerrilla Army]] and claimed to have begun a [[protracted people's war]] against the [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois government]] of Peru since 1980, with the intention of establishing a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|newspaper=Tjen Folket Media|title=Eternal Glory to Chairman Gonzalo|date=2021-9-25|url=https://tjen-folket.no/index.php/en/2021/09/25/eternal-glory-to-chairman-gonzalo/|retrieved=2022-10-16}}</ref> Throughout its period of highest activity, the party frequently engaged in terrorist tactics, and has committed brutal and violent attacks on peasants, including children.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=31 & 39|quote=Sendero have also assassinated peasant members of other revolutionary left Cadres of other organizations groups in the highlands. who disagree with Sendero's rural guerrilla strategy under present circumstances are dennounced 'as agents of the bourgeoisie infiltrated into the workers movement'. According to Sendero it is the rest of the Peruvian left who by their 'parliamentary cretinism' are preventing the In January 1983 masses from flocking to Sendero's banner. they hung dogs from lamp posts in the Lima suburb of Rímac as a sign of their contempt for the Maoist organization Patria Roja and its general secretary Rolando Breña. Patria Roja support the existing Chinese leadership. (p.31) | ||
== | In one community in Ayacucho (Lucanamarca) 50 of Sendero Luminoso's cadres accompanied by 140 of their peasant supporters are reported to have killed 67 peasants with machetes and spades (p. 39)|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> The class composition of the party consisted in mostly petty-bourgeois intellectuals, and the growth of the party was closely linked with student movements in universities.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=19|quote=The growth of Maoist-orientated political organizations has also been assisted by the large expansion in the university population originating from the provinces (many of these students coming from families of artisans, peasants or other petty bourgeois backgrounds). In Maoism these students found simple and clear explanations for the social backwardness and misery that envelopes the highlands through reference to concepts such as 'feudalism', ' dependency' and the like, Mao's easily readable tracts fitting in well with their limited horizons. Given this situation, it is no coincidence that Sendero Luminoso and its brand of politics took deepest root in some of the most backward zones of Andean Peru. Nor is it coincidental that in Latin America, only in the Andean countries has Maoism as a political doctrine dominated student politics in the universities.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> | ||
* Killing of dogs in 1980<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://granta.com/dengs-dogs/ Deng's Dogs]</ref> | The PCP rejected all [[Actually Existing Socialism|socialist states]] at their time, labeling them as [[revisionist]] and as having restored [[capitalism]]. The party based its ideology of "Marxism-Leninism-Maoism" around the figure of [[Mao Zedong]] and Guzmán, which they claimed to be a "higher stage of Marxism".<ref name=":2" /> | ||
*69 killed during the [[Lucanamarca massacre]] in 1983<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://borealisthreatandrisk.com/1983-lucanamarca-massacre/ April 3, 1983 | Massacre of peasants in Peru]</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/8/the-shining-path-controversies-that-spurred-peru-govt-shakeup The Shining Path controversies that spurred Peru’s gov’t shake-up]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref> | |||
The party has received extensive criticism for the large centralization of its leadership,<ref>[https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/09/23/gonz-s23.html Peru’s ruling elite unleashes anti-communist tirade after Shining Path leader’s death]</ref> and crimes against peasants it committed during its People's War against the Peruvian corporate-military dictatorship.<ref>{{Web citation|author=BJ Murphy|newspaper=The prison gates are open|title=The Shining Path Revealed: Behind the Lies & Propaganda|date=2010-8-1|url=https://redantliberationarmy.wordpress.com/2010/08/01/the-shining-path-revealed-behind-the-lies-propaganda/|retrieved=2022-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Silvio Rendon|year=2019|title=A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball|title-url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053168019840972|pdf=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/2053168019840972|publisher=SAGE journals|doi=10.1177/2053168019840972|trans-lang=English}}</ref> | |||
==History== | |||
The Shining Path began to organize between 1968 and 1970 when Abimael Guzmán and his followers split from the [[Maoism|Maoist]] organization Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag after conflicts between the center and periphery of the party.<ref>{{Citation|author=David Scott Palmer|year=1986|title=Rebellion in Rural Peru: The Origins and Evolution of Sendero Luminoso|quote=By 1966, Guzman and his followers at Huamanga were part of the Maoist Partido Comunista del Peru- Bandera Roja (PCP-BR, Communist Party of Peru-Red Flag). The relationship between center and periphery in the party was an uneasy one, nevertheless, with the withdrawal/expulsion of the "country bumpkins" of Huamanga occurring between 1968 and 1970. It was at this time that the Guzman faction adopted the title of Partido Comunista del Peru en el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui (Communist Party of Peru in the Shining Path of Mariátegui), known to outsiders as Sendero Luminoso.|doi=10.2307/421840|series=Comparative Politics|volume=18, no. 2}}</ref> At the time, Guzmán was a professor of philosophy at the University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga since 1962 in the city of Ayacucho, then a remote city neglected by the Peruvian state.<ref>{{Citation|author=David Scott Palmer|year=2016|title=Shining Path of Peru: a product of Latin American university radicalism?|page=7|quote=The University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga, where Abimael Guzmán taught for 12 years, starting in 1962, is located in what was then a remote capital, Ayacucho, connected to the outside world by a one-lane road in the indigenous heartland of the Peruvian sierra.|pdf=https://guvenlikcalismalari.pa.edu.tr/Upload/DergiDosya/perue28099nun-e28098aydinlik-yole28099-orgutu-latin-amerika-universite-radikalliginin-bir-urunu-mu-dergidosya5a9df161-1e28-4b9c-9e75-09af7db6cea1.pdf|city=Ankara|publisher=Turkish National Police Academy|series=Journal of Security Studies}}</ref> | |||
During the early 70's, the party began to participate in the student movements of Peru, achieving support in the university Guzmán taught and in the National University of Engineering, but having insignificant support elsewhere.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=9|quote=At this stage the Sendero Luminoso group were concen- trating their organizational efforts in the student movement, with the Party's name originating from their control of the Frente Estudiantil Revolucionario por el Sendero Luminoso Mariátegui de (the 'Revolutionary Student Front for the Shining Path of Mariátegui'). One of its most important bases was the University of Huamanga located in the small sierran town of Ayacucho, where Abimael Guzmán taught philosophy. Other educational establishments where the Frente Estudiantil had support were the Universidad National de Ingenería (National Engineering University - UNI) and the University of San Martin de Porres in Lima. Other important universities in the capital, such as San Marcos and La Católica, were dominated by Patria Roja, Vanguardia Revolucionaria and other left-wing organizations between 1970 and 1979, with Sendero Luminoso having but a relatively insignificant presence.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> At the time, the Shining Path was building a party apparatus, achieving considerable success in student circles. Party cells and regional committees were established throughout Peru, with a concentration of cadres in Central Sierra and Lima.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=9-10|quote=The first phase of Sendero Luminoso's existence covered the years 1970 to 1977. During this period they began to construct a party apparatus, achieving a surprising ; degree of success, especially in student circles. Cells were formed throughout Peru, as were regional committees:, with the main concentration of cadres (then and now) being found in the Central Sierra and Lima. Quickly gaining a reputa- tion as extreme dogmatists, Sendero's members were regarded somewhat dismissively by the other revolutionary left groups as 'nutters'.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> The party constantly engaged in political campaigns against other organizations of the revolutionary left.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=10|quote=For its part, Sendero launched vilification campaigns against the rest of the revolutionary left that were so intense that they even surprised many activists with long experience of working in a political environment not noted for gentlemanly behaviour.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> | |||
Between 1977 and 1980, the party began to re-structure itself and create a political and military apparatus capable of engaging in armed struggle. As part of this effort, the student cadres, along with urban militants, were withdrawn from universities in 1977 and sent into the countryside in 1978, establishing training camps in a few rural districts.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=10-11|quote=The second phase in Sendero Luminoso's development began in 1977 and lasted until early 1980. Those cadres who were deemed responsible for the organization's over-attention to purely educational matters and its failure to become involved in practical politics between 1970 and 1977, were censored ( they were mostly to be found in the Lima section of the Party), and the new central task was declared to be 'reconstructing the Party'. In effect this meant the creation of a political and military apparatus that would be Capable of waging armed struggle. By late 1976 Sendero Luminoso had increased its influence in the student movement, especially in the Central Andes and Lima. As part of this policy of 'reconstructing the Party', a majority of these student cadres were withdrawn from the universities in 1977 and 1978 and sent into the countryside. So too were a number of the non-student activists who lived in urban areas. Training camps were established in certain rural districts (such as the puna around Julcamarca in Ayacucho)|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> During this period of re-structuring, the party increased its members by attracting members of other revolutionary organizations, and even infiltrating them.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=11|quote=The years 1977 to 1980 are characterized by the careful contruction of a national organization (but still with a significant majority of the membership located in the Central Sierra and Lima). This process was aided by attracting members from other left groups. In 1976 a split occurred in Vanguardia Revolucionaria, with approximately 25 to 10% of the organization leaving to establish a new party called Vanguardia Revolucionaria – Proletaria Comunista (VR-PC). [...] VR-PC adopted an ultra-left position with respect to the 1978 Constituent Assembly elections, failing to participate on the same grounds as Sendero, but only to undertake later an abrupt volte-face in 1979-1980. This, in additon to other rather strange positions taken up by the organization in these years, created a high degree of confusion and disenchantment among YR-PC's membership. Into this situation stepped Sendero Luminoso, infiltrating VR-PC in 1978 and later leaving, taking with them many of V8-PC's cadres, including several of their most important and experienced peasant militants in 1979 (e.g. Felix Calderón from Cajamarca, among others). Similarly, in 1979 the Puka LLacta (Tierra Raja in Quechua) faction broke off from Patria Raja to join Sendero Luminoso. Puka LLacta's membership in the main consisted of miners in the departments of Junín and Pasco.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> | |||
In the early 80's, the party leadership concluded that they were ready to commence armed struggle.<ref>{{Citation|author=Lewis Taylor|year=1983|title=Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru|page=12|quote=As a result of natural growth and defections from other left organizations, during the first months of 1980 Sendero's leaders arrived at the conclusion that the Party apparatus had been sufficiently 'reconstructed'. Having reached this decision, given the logic in which they were caught up, they then proceeded to commence the armed struggle. This, the third phase in Sendero Luminoso's trajectory, was launched on 18 May 1980 with actions synchronized to coincide with the general election of that month.|city=Liverpool|publisher=University of Liverpool|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C861ED398D1FE3E28ADEDFF3600CA294}}</ref> In May 1980, while Peru was undergoing its first elections in almost 20 years, Shining Path militants stormed into the place where ballot boxes of a small village were being stored and burned them in public square.<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|page=21|quote=The night of 17 May 1980, in the small village of Chuschi in Ayacucho, a group of young people burst into the place where ballot boxes and voting lists were being stored for the national elections taking place the following day, and burned them in the public square. The news was published a few days later in some newspaper, lost among the avalanche of information about the first presidential elections to take place in Peru in seven teen years.|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3}}</ref> The party also began to steal dynamite from mines, and in the following months organized several terrorist attacks, including in a school parade and in a peasant assembly.<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3|page=21|quote=In the following months, as the press reported the theft of dynamite in some mines, isolated petards started to explode in unlikely places: the tomb of General Velasco in Lima; a school parade in Ayacucho; a peasant assembly in the same city. [...] The government as well as other political forces, including the parties that made up the United Left, downplayed the importance of these events.}}</ref> They also hanged dead dogs in the city of Lima, with a sign written "[[Deng Xiaoping]] son of a bitch."<ref>{{Citation|author=Carlos Iván Degregori|year=2012|title=How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999|city=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FC2D0DD3C7C7C55EE4F69AE99683CEC3|page=21|quote=The situation acquired touches of sinister folklore when toward the end of the year, early rising limeños (residents of Lima) found dogs hanging from traffic lights with a sign around their neck that read: “Deng Xiaoping son of a bitch.”}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | |||
== Ideology == | |||
The Shining Path adheres militantly to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, with Maoism being principal, and with which they regard as constituting a higher stage of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]], and an overall [[Scientific socialism|scientific]] development of [[Marxism]]. Furthermore, basing themselves on the anti-revisionist position formed by [[Mao Zedong]], they were highly critical of perceived Revisionist and Social-imperialist states and tendencies within the Marxist movement, including all self-proclaimed Socialist states which existed such as the [[Soviet Union]], [[China]], and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992)|Albania]]. | |||
The Shining Path upholds the doctrine of Protracted People's War as a universal military strategy for the international [[proletariat]], and further intended to enact [[New Democracy (Mao's theory)|New Democracy]] and a [[Cultural Revolution]], with the aims of world revolution and the ultimate development of [[Communism]].<ref>{{Web citation|title=General Political Line of the Communist Party of Peru|url=http://bannedthought.net/Peru/CPP/Documents/GeneralPoliticalLineOfTheCommunistPartyOfPeru-1988-OCR.pdf|retrieved=2022-10-17}}</ref> | |||
==List of criminal acts== | |||
*Killing of dogs in 1980<ref name=":0">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHqJDs3OuhQ The Shining Path of Peru]</ref><ref name=":1">[https://granta.com/dengs-dogs/ Deng's Dogs]</ref> | |||
* 69 killed during the [[Lucanamarca massacre]] in 1983<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://borealisthreatandrisk.com/1983-lucanamarca-massacre/ April 3, 1983 | Massacre of peasants in Peru]</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/8/the-shining-path-controversies-that-spurred-peru-govt-shakeup The Shining Path controversies that spurred Peru’s gov’t shake-up]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref> | |||
*3 killed in April 1992 (suspected)<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/04/13/Three-dead-homes-and-school-damaged-in-rebel-attack/4863703137600/ Three dead, homes and school damaged in rebel attack]</ref> | *3 killed in April 1992 (suspected)<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/04/13/Three-dead-homes-and-school-damaged-in-rebel-attack/4863703137600/ Three dead, homes and school damaged in rebel attack]</ref> | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references/> | ||
===Notes=== | |||
<references group="lower-alpha"/> | |||
[[Category:Maoist organisations]] | [[Category:Maoist organisations]] | ||
[[Category:Communist underground movements]] | |||
Latest revision as of 19:24, 19 January 2024
Peruvian Communist Party Partido Comunista del Perú | |
|---|---|
 Flag of the PCP | |
| Abbreviation | PCP |
| Founder | Abimael Guzmán |
| Founded | 1969 |
| Split from | Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) |
| Succeeded by | Militarized Communist Party of Peru |
| Political orientation | Maoism Gonzalo Thought Anti-revisionism Terrorism |
| Political position | Ultra-left |
| International affiliation | Revolutionary Internationalist Movement International Communist League (since 2023) |
| Slogan | ¡Viva la Guerra Popular! ¡Guerra Popular hasta el comunismo! ("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!") |
| Part of a series on |
| Maoism |
|---|
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| Part of a series on |
| Communist parties |
|---|
The Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path (PCP-SL),[a] more commonly known as the Shining Path, is a Marxist-Leninist-Maoist party and guerrilla organization in Peru founded by Abimael Guzmán[b] in 1969 after an organizational split with the Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag.
The party organized its own militia, the People's Guerrilla Army and claimed to have begun a protracted people's war against the bourgeois government of Peru since 1980, with the intention of establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat.[1] Throughout its period of highest activity, the party frequently engaged in terrorist tactics, and has committed brutal and violent attacks on peasants, including children.[2] The class composition of the party consisted in mostly petty-bourgeois intellectuals, and the growth of the party was closely linked with student movements in universities.[3]
The PCP rejected all socialist states at their time, labeling them as revisionist and as having restored capitalism. The party based its ideology of "Marxism-Leninism-Maoism" around the figure of Mao Zedong and Guzmán, which they claimed to be a "higher stage of Marxism".[1]
The party has received extensive criticism for the large centralization of its leadership,[4] and crimes against peasants it committed during its People's War against the Peruvian corporate-military dictatorship.[5][6]
History[edit | edit source]
The Shining Path began to organize between 1968 and 1970 when Abimael Guzmán and his followers split from the Maoist organization Communist Party of Peru – Red Flag after conflicts between the center and periphery of the party.[7] At the time, Guzmán was a professor of philosophy at the University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga since 1962 in the city of Ayacucho, then a remote city neglected by the Peruvian state.[8]
During the early 70's, the party began to participate in the student movements of Peru, achieving support in the university Guzmán taught and in the National University of Engineering, but having insignificant support elsewhere.[9] At the time, the Shining Path was building a party apparatus, achieving considerable success in student circles. Party cells and regional committees were established throughout Peru, with a concentration of cadres in Central Sierra and Lima.[10] The party constantly engaged in political campaigns against other organizations of the revolutionary left.[11]
Between 1977 and 1980, the party began to re-structure itself and create a political and military apparatus capable of engaging in armed struggle. As part of this effort, the student cadres, along with urban militants, were withdrawn from universities in 1977 and sent into the countryside in 1978, establishing training camps in a few rural districts.[12] During this period of re-structuring, the party increased its members by attracting members of other revolutionary organizations, and even infiltrating them.[13]
In the early 80's, the party leadership concluded that they were ready to commence armed struggle.[14] In May 1980, while Peru was undergoing its first elections in almost 20 years, Shining Path militants stormed into the place where ballot boxes of a small village were being stored and burned them in public square.[15] The party also began to steal dynamite from mines, and in the following months organized several terrorist attacks, including in a school parade and in a peasant assembly.[16] They also hanged dead dogs in the city of Lima, with a sign written "Deng Xiaoping son of a bitch."[17][18]
Ideology[edit | edit source]
The Shining Path adheres militantly to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, with Maoism being principal, and with which they regard as constituting a higher stage of Marxism-Leninism, and an overall scientific development of Marxism. Furthermore, basing themselves on the anti-revisionist position formed by Mao Zedong, they were highly critical of perceived Revisionist and Social-imperialist states and tendencies within the Marxist movement, including all self-proclaimed Socialist states which existed such as the Soviet Union, China, and Albania.
The Shining Path upholds the doctrine of Protracted People's War as a universal military strategy for the international proletariat, and further intended to enact New Democracy and a Cultural Revolution, with the aims of world revolution and the ultimate development of Communism.[19]
List of criminal acts[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Eternal Glory to Chairman Gonzalo" (2021-9-25). Tjen Folket Media. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ “Sendero have also assassinated peasant members of other revolutionary left Cadres of other organizations groups in the highlands. who disagree with Sendero's rural guerrilla strategy under present circumstances are dennounced 'as agents of the bourgeoisie infiltrated into the workers movement'. According to Sendero it is the rest of the Peruvian left who by their 'parliamentary cretinism' are preventing the In January 1983 masses from flocking to Sendero's banner. they hung dogs from lamp posts in the Lima suburb of Rímac as a sign of their contempt for the Maoist organization Patria Roja and its general secretary Rolando Breña. Patria Roja support the existing Chinese leadership. (p.31)
In one community in Ayacucho (Lucanamarca) 50 of Sendero Luminoso's cadres accompanied by 140 of their peasant supporters are reported to have killed 67 peasants with machetes and spades (p. 39)”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (pp. 31 & 39). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The growth of Maoist-orientated political organizations has also been assisted by the large expansion in the university population originating from the provinces (many of these students coming from families of artisans, peasants or other petty bourgeois backgrounds). In Maoism these students found simple and clear explanations for the social backwardness and misery that envelopes the highlands through reference to concepts such as 'feudalism', ' dependency' and the like, Mao's easily readable tracts fitting in well with their limited horizons. Given this situation, it is no coincidence that Sendero Luminoso and its brand of politics took deepest root in some of the most backward zones of Andean Peru. Nor is it coincidental that in Latin America, only in the Andean countries has Maoism as a political doctrine dominated student politics in the universities.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 19). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ Peru’s ruling elite unleashes anti-communist tirade after Shining Path leader’s death
- ↑ BJ Murphy (2010-8-1). "The Shining Path Revealed: Behind the Lies & Propaganda" The prison gates are open. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Silvio Rendon (2019). A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball. [PDF] SAGE journals. doi: 10.1177/2053168019840972 [HUB]
- ↑ “By 1966, Guzman and his followers at Huamanga were part of the Maoist Partido Comunista del Peru- Bandera Roja (PCP-BR, Communist Party of Peru-Red Flag). The relationship between center and periphery in the party was an uneasy one, nevertheless, with the withdrawal/expulsion of the "country bumpkins" of Huamanga occurring between 1968 and 1970. It was at this time that the Guzman faction adopted the title of Partido Comunista del Peru en el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui (Communist Party of Peru in the Shining Path of Mariátegui), known to outsiders as Sendero Luminoso.”
David Scott Palmer (1986). Rebellion in Rural Peru: The Origins and Evolution of Sendero Luminoso. Comparative Politics, vol.18, no. 2. doi: 10.2307/421840 [HUB] - ↑ “The University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga, where Abimael Guzmán taught for 12 years, starting in 1962, is located in what was then a remote capital, Ayacucho, connected to the outside world by a one-lane road in the indigenous heartland of the Peruvian sierra.”
David Scott Palmer (2016). Shining Path of Peru: a product of Latin American university radicalism? (p. 7). Journal of Security Studies. [PDF] Ankara: Turkish National Police Academy. - ↑ “At this stage the Sendero Luminoso group were concen- trating their organizational efforts in the student movement, with the Party's name originating from their control of the Frente Estudiantil Revolucionario por el Sendero Luminoso Mariátegui de (the 'Revolutionary Student Front for the Shining Path of Mariátegui'). One of its most important bases was the University of Huamanga located in the small sierran town of Ayacucho, where Abimael Guzmán taught philosophy. Other educational establishments where the Frente Estudiantil had support were the Universidad National de Ingenería (National Engineering University - UNI) and the University of San Martin de Porres in Lima. Other important universities in the capital, such as San Marcos and La Católica, were dominated by Patria Roja, Vanguardia Revolucionaria and other left-wing organizations between 1970 and 1979, with Sendero Luminoso having but a relatively insignificant presence.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 9). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The first phase of Sendero Luminoso's existence covered the years 1970 to 1977. During this period they began to construct a party apparatus, achieving a surprising ; degree of success, especially in student circles. Cells were formed throughout Peru, as were regional committees:, with the main concentration of cadres (then and now) being found in the Central Sierra and Lima. Quickly gaining a reputa- tion as extreme dogmatists, Sendero's members were regarded somewhat dismissively by the other revolutionary left groups as 'nutters'.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (pp. 9-10). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “For its part, Sendero launched vilification campaigns against the rest of the revolutionary left that were so intense that they even surprised many activists with long experience of working in a political environment not noted for gentlemanly behaviour.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 10). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The second phase in Sendero Luminoso's development began in 1977 and lasted until early 1980. Those cadres who were deemed responsible for the organization's over-attention to purely educational matters and its failure to become involved in practical politics between 1970 and 1977, were censored ( they were mostly to be found in the Lima section of the Party), and the new central task was declared to be 'reconstructing the Party'. In effect this meant the creation of a political and military apparatus that would be Capable of waging armed struggle. By late 1976 Sendero Luminoso had increased its influence in the student movement, especially in the Central Andes and Lima. As part of this policy of 'reconstructing the Party', a majority of these student cadres were withdrawn from the universities in 1977 and 1978 and sent into the countryside. So too were a number of the non-student activists who lived in urban areas. Training camps were established in certain rural districts (such as the puna around Julcamarca in Ayacucho)”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (pp. 10-11). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The years 1977 to 1980 are characterized by the careful contruction of a national organization (but still with a significant majority of the membership located in the Central Sierra and Lima). This process was aided by attracting members from other left groups. In 1976 a split occurred in Vanguardia Revolucionaria, with approximately 25 to 10% of the organization leaving to establish a new party called Vanguardia Revolucionaria – Proletaria Comunista (VR-PC). [...] VR-PC adopted an ultra-left position with respect to the 1978 Constituent Assembly elections, failing to participate on the same grounds as Sendero, but only to undertake later an abrupt volte-face in 1979-1980. This, in additon to other rather strange positions taken up by the organization in these years, created a high degree of confusion and disenchantment among YR-PC's membership. Into this situation stepped Sendero Luminoso, infiltrating VR-PC in 1978 and later leaving, taking with them many of V8-PC's cadres, including several of their most important and experienced peasant militants in 1979 (e.g. Felix Calderón from Cajamarca, among others). Similarly, in 1979 the Puka LLacta (Tierra Raja in Quechua) faction broke off from Patria Raja to join Sendero Luminoso. Puka LLacta's membership in the main consisted of miners in the departments of Junín and Pasco.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 11). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “As a result of natural growth and defections from other left organizations, during the first months of 1980 Sendero's leaders arrived at the conclusion that the Party apparatus had been sufficiently 'reconstructed'. Having reached this decision, given the logic in which they were caught up, they then proceeded to commence the armed struggle. This, the third phase in Sendero Luminoso's trajectory, was launched on 18 May 1980 with actions synchronized to coincide with the general election of that month.”
Lewis Taylor (1983). Maoism in the Andes: Sendero Luminoso and the contemporary guerrilla movement in Peru (p. 12). Liverpool: University of Liverpool. [LG] - ↑ “The night of 17 May 1980, in the small village of Chuschi in Ayacucho, a group of young people burst into the place where ballot boxes and voting lists were being stored for the national elections taking place the following day, and burned them in the public square. The news was published a few days later in some newspaper, lost among the avalanche of information about the first presidential elections to take place in Peru in seven teen years.”
Carlos Iván Degregori (2012). How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999 (p. 21). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. [LG] - ↑ “In the following months, as the press reported the theft of dynamite in some mines, isolated petards started to explode in unlikely places: the tomb of General Velasco in Lima; a school parade in Ayacucho; a peasant assembly in the same city. [...] The government as well as other political forces, including the parties that made up the United Left, downplayed the importance of these events.”
Carlos Iván Degregori (2012). How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999 (p. 21). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. [LG] - ↑ “The situation acquired touches of sinister folklore when toward the end of the year, early rising limeños (residents of Lima) found dogs hanging from traffic lights with a sign around their neck that read: “Deng Xiaoping son of a bitch.””
Carlos Iván Degregori (2012). How difficult it is to be God: Shining Path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999 (p. 21). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. [LG] - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Deng's Dogs
- ↑ "General Political Line of the Communist Party of Peru". Retrieved 2022-10-17.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 The Shining Path of Peru
- ↑ April 3, 1983 | Massacre of peasants in Peru
- ↑ The Shining Path controversies that spurred Peru’s gov’t shake-up
- ↑ Interview with Chairman Gonzalo
- ↑ Three dead, homes and school damaged in rebel attack